diff --git a/demo/main.fnl b/demo/main.fnl
index 9fe84cf..e4cc30c 100644
--- a/demo/main.fnl
+++ b/demo/main.fnl
@@ -107,6 +107,4 @@
     (transition:render))
 
   (when (menu.is-paused)
-    (pxl8.push_target)
-    (menu.draw)
-    (pxl8.pop_target))))
+    (menu.draw))))
diff --git a/demo/mod/entities.fnl b/demo/mod/entities.fnl
index 1a17c01..829957b 100644
--- a/demo/mod/entities.fnl
+++ b/demo/mod/entities.fnl
@@ -168,8 +168,9 @@
 (fn render-fireball [x y z wireframe]
   (when fireball-mesh
     (pxl8.draw_mesh fireball-mesh {:x x :y y :z z
-                                    :emissive true
-                                    :wireframe wireframe})))
+                                    :passthrough true
+                                    :wireframe wireframe
+                                    :emissive 1.0})))
 
 {:FIREBALL_COLOR FIREBALL_COLOR
  :get-door-position get-door-position
diff --git a/demo/mod/first_person3d.fnl b/demo/mod/first_person3d.fnl
index fefa7ec..c231e0b 100644
--- a/demo/mod/first_person3d.fnl
+++ b/demo/mod/first_person3d.fnl
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 (local pxl8 (require :pxl8))
 (local effects (require :pxl8.effects))
 (local net (require :pxl8.net))
+(local shader (require :pxl8.shader))
 
 (local colormap (require :mod.colormap))
 (local entities (require :mod.entities))
@@ -123,7 +124,9 @@
     (set lights (pxl8.create_lights)))
 
   (entities.init textures)
-  (sky.generate-stars)
+
+  (sky.generate-stars 12345)
+
   (preload)
 
   (when (not ceiling-tex)
@@ -133,17 +136,22 @@
   (when (not trim-tex)
     (set trim-tex (textures.wood-trim 77777 WOOD_COLOR)))
   (when (not wall-tex)
-    (set wall-tex (textures.cobble-timber 55555 STONE_WALL_START MOSS_COLOR WOOD_COLOR))))
+    (set wall-tex (textures.cobble-timber 55555 STONE_WALL_START MOSS_COLOR WOOD_COLOR)))
+
+  )
 
 (fn setup-materials []
-  (when (and world (not bsp-materials-setup) floor-tex trim-tex wall-tex)
+  (when (and world (not bsp-materials-setup) ceiling-tex floor-tex trim-tex wall-tex)
     (let [chunk (world:active_chunk)]
       (when (and chunk (chunk:ready))
-        (let [floor-mat (pxl8.create_material {:texture floor-tex :lighting true :double_sided true})
-              trim-mat (pxl8.create_material {:texture trim-tex :lighting true :double_sided true})
-              wall-mat (pxl8.create_material {:texture wall-tex :lighting true :double_sided true})]
+        (let [ceiling-mat (pxl8.create_material {:texture ceiling-tex})
+              floor-mat (pxl8.create_material {:texture floor-tex :lighting true})
+              trim-mat (pxl8.create_material {:texture trim-tex :lighting true})
+              wall-mat (pxl8.create_material {:texture wall-tex :lighting true})]
+
           (world:set_bsp_material 0 floor-mat)
           (world:set_bsp_material 1 wall-mat)
+          (world:set_bsp_material 2 ceiling-mat)
           (world:set_bsp_material 3 trim-mat)
           (set bsp-materials-setup true))))))
 
@@ -191,7 +199,7 @@
   (when (> portal-cooldown 0)
     (set portal-cooldown (- portal-cooldown dt)))
 
-  (when (and world network (<= portal-cooldown 0))
+  (when (and network (<= portal-cooldown 0))
     (let [chunk (world:active_chunk)
           in-bsp (not= chunk nil)
           (door-x door-z) (entities.get-door-position)
@@ -232,7 +240,7 @@
         expecting-bsp (> chunk-id 0)
         voxel-space (and (not chunk) (= chunk-id 0))
         ready (or voxel-space (and chunk (chunk:ready)))]
-  (when world
+  (when ready
     (let [input (sample-input)
           grid-max (if voxel-space 100000 (* grid-size chunk-size))
           movement-yaw cam-yaw]
@@ -314,14 +322,10 @@
         voxel-space (and world (not chunk) (not expecting-bsp))
         ready (or voxel-space (and chunk (chunk:ready)))]
 
-  (when (not camera)
-    (pxl8.text "camera nil" 5 30 12))
-  (when (not world)
-    (pxl8.text "world nil" 5 40 12))
   (when (and world (not ready))
-    (pxl8.text (.. "Waiting... chunk=" (tostring chunk) " voxel=" (tostring voxel-space)) 5 50 12))
+    (pxl8.text "Waiting for world data..." 5 30 12))
 
-  (when (and camera world)
+  (when (and camera world ready)
     (let [bob-offset (* (math.sin bob-time) bob-amount)
           eye-y (+ cam-y player-eye-height bob-offset land-squash)
           forward-x (- (math.sin cam-yaw))
@@ -349,22 +353,19 @@
             r2 (* 0.04 (math.sin (+ (* real-time 3.2) phase)))
             light-radius (* 150 (+ 0.95 r1 r2))]
         (lights:clear)
-        (lights:add light-x light-y light-z 0xFFB888 light-intensity light-radius)
-
-        (pxl8.push_target)
+        (lights:add light-x light-y light-z 0xFF8C32 light-intensity light-radius)
         (pxl8.begin_frame_3d camera lights {
-          :ambient 25
+          :ambient 30
           :fog_density 0.0
           :celestial_dir [0.5 -0.8 0.3]
-          :celestial_intensity 0.3})
+          :celestial_intensity 0.5})
         (pxl8.clear_depth)
 
         (sky.update-gradient 1 2 6 6 10 18)
         (sky.render smooth-cam-x eye-y smooth-cam-z (menu.is-wireframe))
-        (sky.render-stars smooth-cam-x eye-y smooth-cam-z 1.0 last-dt)
         (pxl8.clear_depth)
 
-        (pxl8.set_wireframe (menu.is-wireframe))
+        (world:set_wireframe (menu.is-wireframe))
         (world:render [smooth-cam-x eye-y smooth-cam-z])
 
         (when chunk
@@ -372,10 +373,16 @@
 
         (entities.render-door (menu.is-wireframe) (if voxel-space 128 0))
 
-        (pxl8.end_frame_3d)
-        (pxl8.pop_target))
+        (pxl8.end_frame_3d))
+
+        ;; TODO: shader needs to run at present time, not mid-frame
+        ;; (shader.begin_frame)
+        ;; (shader.run shader.presets.light_with_fog
+        ;;             {:fog_r 6 :fog_g 6 :fog_b 12
+        ;;              :fog_start 0.1 :fog_end 0.85})
+
+      (sky.render-stars smooth-cam-x eye-y smooth-cam-z 1.0 last-dt)
 
-      (pxl8.push_target)
       (let [cx (/ (pxl8.get_width) 2)
             cy (/ (pxl8.get_height) 2)
             crosshair-size 4
@@ -387,8 +394,7 @@
         (pxl8.text (.. "fps: " (string.format "%.0f" fps-avg)) 5 5 text-color)
         (pxl8.text (.. "pos: " (string.format "%.0f" cam-x) ","
                        (string.format "%.0f" cam-y) ","
-                       (string.format "%.0f" cam-z)) 5 15 text-color))
-      (pxl8.pop_target)))))
+                       (string.format "%.0f" cam-z)) 5 15 text-color))))))
 
 {:preload preload
  :is-connected is-connected
diff --git a/demo/mod/menu.fnl b/demo/mod/menu.fnl
index 4219e13..5bee354 100644
--- a/demo/mod/menu.fnl
+++ b/demo/mod/menu.fnl
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 (local net-mod (require :pxl8.net))
 
 (var paused false)
+(var wireframe false)
 (var gui nil)
 (var render-distance 3)
 (var sim-distance 4)
@@ -12,11 +13,6 @@
 (var current-items [])
 (var pending-action nil)
 
-(var baked-lighting true)
-(var dynamic-lighting true)
-(var textures true)
-(var wireframe false)
-
 (fn init []
   (set gui (pxl8.create_gui))
   (let [w (world-mod.World.get)]
@@ -104,20 +100,24 @@
       (or clicked (and is-selected (= pending-action label))))))
 
 (fn draw-main-menu []
-  (pxl8.gui_window 200 80 240 200 "pxl8 demo")
+  (pxl8.gui_window 200 80 240 235 "pxl8 demo")
 
   (when (menu-button 1 215 127 210 30 "Resume")
     (hide))
 
-  (when (menu-button 5 215 162 210 30 "GFX")
+  (let [wire-label (if wireframe "Wireframe: On" "Wireframe: Off")]
+    (when (menu-button 4 215 162 210 30 wire-label)
+      (set wireframe (not wireframe))))
+
+  (when (menu-button 5 215 197 210 30 "GFX")
     (set current-panel :gfx)
     (set selected-item nil))
 
-  (when (menu-button 6 215 197 210 30 "SFX")
+  (when (menu-button 6 215 232 210 30 "SFX")
     (set current-panel :sfx)
     (set selected-item nil))
 
-  (when (menu-button 2 215 232 210 30 "Quit")
+  (when (menu-button 2 215 267 210 30 "Quit")
     (pxl8.quit)))
 
 (fn draw-sfx-panel []
@@ -136,18 +136,10 @@
     (set selected-item nil)))
 
 (fn draw-gfx-panel []
-  (pxl8.gui_window 200 60 240 220 "GFX")
+  (pxl8.gui_window 200 100 240 180 "GFX")
 
-  (let [baked-label (if baked-lighting "Baked Lighting: On" "Baked Lighting: Off")]
-    (when (menu-button 40 215 107 210 24 baked-label)
-      (set baked-lighting (not baked-lighting))))
-
-  (let [dynamic-label (if dynamic-lighting "Dynamic Lighting: On" "Dynamic Lighting: Off")]
-    (when (menu-button 41 215 134 210 24 dynamic-label)
-      (set dynamic-lighting (not dynamic-lighting))))
-
-  (pxl8.gui_label 215 162 (.. "Render: " render-distance) 15)
-  (let [(changed new-val) (gui:slider_int 30 215 175 210 14 render-distance 1 8)]
+  (pxl8.gui_label 215 150 (.. "Render: " render-distance) 15)
+  (let [(changed new-val) (gui:slider_int 30 215 165 210 16 render-distance 1 8)]
     (when changed
       (set render-distance new-val)
       (let [w (world-mod.World.get)
@@ -155,15 +147,16 @@
         (when w (w:set_render_distance new-val))
         (when n (n:set_chunk_settings new-val sim-distance)))))
 
-  (let [tex-label (if textures "Textures: On" "Textures: Off")]
-    (when (menu-button 42 215 194 210 24 tex-label)
-      (set textures (not textures))))
+  (pxl8.gui_label 215 190 (.. "Sim: " sim-distance) 15)
+  (let [(changed new-val) (gui:slider_int 31 215 205 210 16 sim-distance 1 8)]
+    (when changed
+      (set sim-distance new-val)
+      (let [w (world-mod.World.get)
+            n (net-mod.get)]
+        (when w (w:set_sim_distance new-val))
+        (when n (n:set_chunk_settings render-distance new-val)))))
 
-  (let [wire-label (if wireframe "Wireframe: On" "Wireframe: Off")]
-    (when (menu-button 43 215 221 210 24 wire-label)
-      (set wireframe (not wireframe))))
-
-  (when (menu-button 32 215 248 210 24 "Back")
+  (when (menu-button 32 215 240 210 30 "Back")
     (set current-panel :main)
     (set selected-item nil)))
 
@@ -185,9 +178,6 @@
 
 {:init init
  :is-paused (fn [] paused)
- :is-baked-lighting (fn [] baked-lighting)
- :is-dynamic-lighting (fn [] dynamic-lighting)
- :is-textures (fn [] textures)
  :is-wireframe (fn [] wireframe)
  :toggle toggle
  :show show
diff --git a/demo/mod/sky.fnl b/demo/mod/sky.fnl
index eb6d2d0..f1727fe 100644
--- a/demo/mod/sky.fnl
+++ b/demo/mod/sky.fnl
@@ -176,8 +176,7 @@
 
   (set star-count (+ (length tiny-stars) (length random-stars)))
   (set star-directions (pxl8.create_vec3_array star-count))
-  (when pxl8.create_glows
-    (set star-glows (pxl8.create_glows 10000)))
+  (set star-glows (pxl8.create_glows 10000))
   (set star-projected (pxl8.create_vec3_array star-count))
 
   (var idx 0)
@@ -248,7 +247,7 @@
 (fn render [cam-x cam-y cam-z wireframe]
   (when (not sky-mesh) (create-sky-dome))
   (when sky-mesh
-    (pxl8.draw_mesh sky-mesh {:x cam-x :y cam-y :z cam-z :wireframe wireframe})))
+    (pxl8.draw_mesh sky-mesh {:x cam-x :y cam-y :z cam-z :passthrough true :wireframe wireframe})))
 
 {:render render
  :render-stars render-stars
diff --git a/pxl8.sh b/pxl8.sh
index 605e1eb..8bc63c0 100755
--- a/pxl8.sh
+++ b/pxl8.sh
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ if command -v ccache >/dev/null 2>&1; then
     CC="ccache $CC"
 fi
 
-CFLAGS="-std=c23 -Wall -Wextra -Wno-missing-braces"
+CFLAGS="-std=c23 -Wall -Wextra"
 LIBS="-lm"
 MODE="debug"
 BUILDDIR=".build"
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ fi
 case "$(uname)" in
     Linux)
         LINKER_FLAGS="$LINKER_FLAGS -rdynamic"
-        LIBS="$LIBS -ldl"
         ;;
     Darwin)
         export MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET="$(sw_vers -productVersion | cut -d '.' -f 1)"
@@ -33,7 +32,6 @@ case "$(uname)" in
         ;;
     *)
         LINKER_FLAGS="$LINKER_FLAGS -rdynamic"
-        LIBS="$LIBS -ldl"
         ;;
 esac
 
@@ -61,12 +59,6 @@ build_luajit() {
 
 build_server() {
     local mode="$1"
-    local server_bin
-    if [[ "$mode" == "release" ]]; then
-        server_bin="pxl8d/target/release/pxl8d"
-    else
-        server_bin="pxl8d/target/debug/pxl8d"
-    fi
     if [[ -d "pxl8d" ]]; then
         print_info "Building pxl8d ($mode mode)"
         cd pxl8d
@@ -78,8 +70,6 @@ build_server() {
         local status=$?
         cd - > /dev/null
         if [[ $status -eq 0 ]]; then
-            mkdir -p "$BINDIR"
-            cp "$server_bin" "$BINDIR/pxl8d"
             print_info "Built pxl8d"
         else
             print_error "pxl8d build failed"
@@ -88,7 +78,14 @@ build_server() {
 }
 
 start_server() {
-    local server_bin="$BINDIR/pxl8d"
+    local mode="$1"
+    local server_bin
+    if [[ "$mode" == "release" ]]; then
+        server_bin="pxl8d/target/release/pxl8d"
+    else
+        server_bin="pxl8d/target/debug/pxl8d"
+    fi
+    print_info "Server mode: $mode, binary: $server_bin"
     if [[ -f "$server_bin" ]]; then
         print_info "Starting server..."
         ./$server_bin &
@@ -97,7 +94,7 @@ start_server() {
         sleep 0.5
     else
         print_error "pxl8d binary not found: $server_bin"
-        print_error "Build first with: ./pxl8.sh build"
+        print_error "Build pxl8d first with: cd pxl8d && cargo build"
     fi
 }
 
@@ -131,17 +128,8 @@ build_sdl() {
 }
 
 prefix_output() {
-    local in_warning=false
     while IFS= read -r line; do
         if [[ "$line" == *": warning:"* ]] || [[ "$line" == *": note:"* ]]; then
-            in_warning=true
-            echo -e "${YELLOW}${BOLD}[$(timestamp) WARN]${NC} $line" >&2
-        elif [[ "$line" == *": error:"* ]] || [[ "$line" == *": fatal error:"* ]]; then
-            in_warning=false
-            echo -e "${RED}${BOLD}[$(timestamp) ERROR]${NC} $line" >&2
-        elif [[ "$line" =~ ^[0-9]+\ (warning|error)s?\ generated ]] || [[ -z "$line" ]]; then
-            echo -e "${YELLOW}${BOLD}[$(timestamp) WARN]${NC} $line" >&2
-        elif $in_warning; then
             echo -e "${YELLOW}${BOLD}[$(timestamp) WARN]${NC} $line" >&2
         else
             echo -e "${RED}${BOLD}[$(timestamp) ERROR]${NC} $line" >&2
@@ -167,54 +155,6 @@ compile_source_file() {
     fi
 }
 
-compile_shaders() {
-    local build_mode="$1"
-    local shader_dir="src/gfx/shaders/cpu"
-    local so_dir=".build/$build_mode/shaders/cpu"
-    local obj_dir=".build/$build_mode/shaders/cpu/obj"
-
-    if [[ ! -d "$shader_dir" ]]; then
-        return 0
-    fi
-
-    [[ "$build_mode" == "debug" ]] && mkdir -p "$so_dir"
-    mkdir -p "$obj_dir"
-
-    local SHADER_INCLUDES="-Isrc/core -Isrc/gfx -Isrc/math"
-    case "$(uname)" in
-        Darwin) SO_EXT="dylib" ;;
-        *) SO_EXT="so" ;;
-    esac
-
-    # Compile C shaders directly
-    for shader in $(find "$shader_dir" -maxdepth 1 -name "*.c" 2>/dev/null); do
-        local shader_name=$(basename "${shader%.c}")
-        local so_file="$so_dir/${shader_name}.$SO_EXT"
-        local obj_file="$obj_dir/${shader_name}.o"
-
-        # Debug: compile to .so for hot-reload
-        if [[ "$build_mode" == "debug" ]]; then
-            if [[ "$shader" -nt "$so_file" ]] || [[ ! -f "$so_file" ]]; then
-                $CC -shared -fPIC -O2 $SHADER_INCLUDES "$shader" -o "$so_file" 2>&1 | prefix_output || {
-                    print_error "Shader build failed: $shader_name"
-                }
-            fi
-        fi
-
-        # Compile to .o for release static linking
-        if [[ "$shader" -nt "$obj_file" ]] || [[ ! -f "$obj_file" ]]; then
-            $CC -c -O2 $SHADER_INCLUDES "$shader" -o "$obj_file" 2>&1 | prefix_output || {
-                print_error "Shader compile failed: $shader_name"
-            }
-        fi
-    done
-
-    # Export shader object files for linking
-    SHADER_OBJECTS=""
-    for obj in $(find "$obj_dir" -name "*.o" 2>/dev/null); do
-        SHADER_OBJECTS="$SHADER_OBJECTS $obj"
-    done
-}
 
 make_lib_dirs() {
     mkdir -p lib/linenoise lib/fennel lib/miniz
@@ -240,17 +180,15 @@ print_usage() {
     echo "    clean        Remove build artifacts"
     echo "    help         Show this help message"
     echo "    install      Install pxl8 to ~/.local/bin"
-    echo "    profile      Profile with perf and generate flamegraph (Linux)"
     echo "    run          Build and run pxl8 (optional: cart.pxc or folder)"
     echo "    update       Download/update all dependencies"
     echo "    vendor       Fetch source for dependencies (ex. SDL3)"
     echo
     echo -e "${BOLD}OPTIONS:${NC}"
-    echo "    --all           Clean both build artifacts and dependencies"
-    echo "    --cache         Clear ccache (use with clean)"
-    echo "    --deps          Clean only dependencies"
-    echo "    --duration=N    Profile duration in seconds (default: 30)"
-    echo "    --release       Build/run/clean in release mode (default: debug)"
+    echo "    --all        Clean both build artifacts and dependencies"
+    echo "    --cache      Clear ccache (use with clean)"
+    echo "    --deps       Clean only dependencies"
+    echo "    --release    Build/run/clean in release mode (default: debug)"
 }
 
 setup_sdl3() {
@@ -326,20 +264,6 @@ update_fennel() {
     fi
 }
 
-update_flamegraph() {
-    print_info "Fetching FlameGraph"
-
-    if [[ -d "lib/FlameGraph/.git" ]]; then
-        cd lib/FlameGraph && git pull --quiet origin master
-        cd - > /dev/null
-    else
-        rm -rf lib/FlameGraph
-        git clone --quiet https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph.git lib/FlameGraph
-    fi
-
-    print_info "Updated FlameGraph"
-}
-
 update_linenoise() {
     print_info "Fetching linenoise"
 
@@ -404,7 +328,6 @@ update_sdl() {
     print_info "Updated SDL3"
 }
 
-
 COMMAND="$1"
 shift || true
 
@@ -476,7 +399,7 @@ case "$COMMAND" in
             print_info "Compiler cache: ccache enabled"
         fi
 
-        INCLUDES="-Isrc/asset -Isrc/bsp -Isrc/core -Isrc/gfx -Isrc/gui -Isrc/hal -Isrc/math -Isrc/net -Isrc/procgen -Isrc/script -Isrc/shader -Isrc/sfx -Isrc/sim -Isrc/vxl -Isrc/world -Ilib/linenoise -Ilib/luajit/src -Ilib/miniz -I.build/shaders/c"
+        INCLUDES="-Isrc/asset -Isrc/bsp -Isrc/core -Isrc/gfx -Isrc/gui -Isrc/hal -Isrc/math -Isrc/net -Isrc/procgen -Isrc/script -Isrc/sfx -Isrc/sim -Isrc/vxl -Isrc/world -Ilib/linenoise -Ilib/luajit/src -Ilib/miniz"
         COMPILE_FLAGS="$CFLAGS $INCLUDES"
         DEP_COMPILE_FLAGS="$DEP_CFLAGS $INCLUDES"
 
@@ -501,12 +424,11 @@ case "$COMMAND" in
             src/gfx/pxl8_atlas.c
             src/gfx/pxl8_blit.c
             src/gfx/pxl8_colormap.c
+            src/gfx/pxl8_cpu.c
             src/gfx/pxl8_dither.c
-            src/gfx/pxl8_render.c
-            src/gfx/pxl8_shader_registry.c
-            src/gfx/pxl8_shader_runtime.c
             src/gfx/pxl8_font.c
             src/gfx/pxl8_gfx.c
+            src/gfx/pxl8_glows.c
             src/gfx/pxl8_lightmap.c
             src/gfx/pxl8_lights.c
             src/gfx/pxl8_mesh.c
@@ -539,11 +461,11 @@ case "$COMMAND" in
         LUAJIT_LIB="lib/luajit/src/libluajit.a"
         OBJECT_DIR="$BUILDDIR/obj"
         mkdir -p "$OBJECT_DIR"
-
+        
         OBJECTS=""
         NEED_LINK=false
         SOURCES_COMPILED=""
-
+        
         for src_file in $LIB_SOURCE_FILES; do
             obj_name=$(basename "$src_file" .c).o
             obj_file="$OBJECT_DIR/$obj_name"
@@ -555,9 +477,7 @@ case "$COMMAND" in
                 SOURCES_COMPILED="yes"
             fi
         done
-
-        compile_shaders "$MODE"
-
+        
         for src_file in $PXL8_SOURCE_FILES; do
             obj_name=$(basename "$src_file" .c).o
             obj_file="$OBJECT_DIR/$obj_name"
@@ -589,7 +509,7 @@ case "$COMMAND" in
         
         if [[ "$LUAJIT_LIB" -nt "$EXECUTABLE" ]] || [[ "$NEED_LINK" == true ]]; then
             print_info "Linking executable"
-            if ! $CC $LINKER_FLAGS $OBJECTS $SHADER_OBJECTS $LUAJIT_LIB $LIBS -o "$EXECUTABLE"; then
+            if ! $CC $LINKER_FLAGS $OBJECTS $LUAJIT_LIB $LIBS -o "$EXECUTABLE"; then
                 print_error "Linking failed"
                 exit 1
             fi
@@ -658,7 +578,7 @@ case "$COMMAND" in
 
         if [[ "$CLEAN_ALL" == true ]]; then
             print_info "Removing build artifacts and dependencies"
-            rm -rf "$BUILD_PATH" "$BIN_PATH" .build/shaders lib
+            rm -rf "$BUILD_PATH" "$BIN_PATH" lib
             clean_server
             print_info "Cleaned all"
         elif [[ "$CLEAN_DEPS" == true ]]; then
@@ -667,7 +587,7 @@ case "$COMMAND" in
             print_info "Cleaned dependencies"
         else
             print_info "Removing build artifacts"
-            rm -rf "$BUILD_PATH" "$BIN_PATH" .build/shaders
+            rm -rf "$BUILD_PATH" "$BIN_PATH"
             clean_server
             print_info "Cleaned"
         fi
@@ -706,72 +626,6 @@ case "$COMMAND" in
         bash tools/aseprite/pxl8-ase.sh "$@"
         ;;
 
-    profile)
-        if [[ "$(uname)" != "Linux" ]]; then
-            print_error "Profiling with perf is only supported on Linux"
-            exit 1
-        fi
-
-        if ! command -v perf >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            print_error "perf not found. Install linux-tools or perf package."
-            exit 1
-        fi
-
-        if [[ ! -d "lib/FlameGraph" ]]; then
-            mkdir -p lib
-            update_flamegraph
-        fi
-
-        "$0" build || exit 1
-
-        PROFILE_DIR=".build/debug/profile"
-        mkdir -p "$PROFILE_DIR"
-
-        CART=""
-        PERF_DURATION=30
-        for arg in "$@"; do
-            if [[ "$arg" =~ ^--duration=([0-9]+)$ ]]; then
-                PERF_DURATION="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
-            elif [[ "$arg" != "--release" ]] && [[ -z "$CART" ]]; then
-                CART="$arg"
-            fi
-        done
-
-        [[ -z "$CART" ]] && CART="demo"
-
-        TIMESTAMP=$(date +"%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
-        PERF_DATA="$PROFILE_DIR/perf_${TIMESTAMP}.data"
-        PERF_SCRIPT="$PROFILE_DIR/perf_${TIMESTAMP}.perf"
-        FOLDED="$PROFILE_DIR/perf_${TIMESTAMP}.folded"
-        SVG="$PROFILE_DIR/flamegraph_${TIMESTAMP}.svg"
-
-        print_info "Starting server..."
-        ./bin/debug/pxl8d &
-        SERVER_PID=$!
-        sleep 0.5
-
-        trap "kill $SERVER_PID 2>/dev/null; wait $SERVER_PID 2>/dev/null" EXIT
-
-        print_info "Profiling pxl8 for ${PERF_DURATION}s (Ctrl+C to stop early)..."
-        perf record -F 99 -g --call-graph dwarf -o "$PERF_DATA" -- \
-            timeout "${PERF_DURATION}s" ./bin/debug/pxl8 "$CART" 2>/dev/null || true
-
-        print_info "Processing profile data..."
-        perf script -i "$PERF_DATA" > "$PERF_SCRIPT"
-
-        print_info "Generating flamegraph..."
-        lib/FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl "$PERF_SCRIPT" > "$FOLDED"
-        lib/FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl --cp --colors orange --title "pxl8 profile" "$FOLDED" > "$SVG"
-
-        rm -f "$PERF_DATA" "$PERF_SCRIPT" "$FOLDED"
-
-        print_info "Flamegraph: $SVG"
-
-        if command -v xdg-open >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-            xdg-open "$SVG" 2>/dev/null &
-        fi
-        ;;
-
     help|--help|-h|"")
         print_usage
         ;;
diff --git a/pxl8d/build.rs b/pxl8d/build.rs
index 2ff503d..6b45bbf 100644
--- a/pxl8d/build.rs
+++ b/pxl8d/build.rs
@@ -36,8 +36,9 @@ fn main() {
 
     let bindings = bindgen::Builder::default()
         .header(pxl8_src.join("core/pxl8_log.h").to_str().unwrap())
-        .header(pxl8_src.join("math/pxl8_noise.h").to_str().unwrap())
         .header(pxl8_src.join("sim/pxl8_sim.h").to_str().unwrap())
+        .header(pxl8_src.join("vxl/pxl8_vxl.h").to_str().unwrap())
+        .header(pxl8_src.join("math/pxl8_noise.h").to_str().unwrap())
         .clang_arg(format!("-I{}", pxl8_src.join("bsp").display()))
         .clang_arg(format!("-I{}", pxl8_src.join("core").display()))
         .clang_arg(format!("-I{}", pxl8_src.join("math").display()))
@@ -49,11 +50,6 @@ fn main() {
         .blocklist_item("FP_ZERO")
         .blocklist_item("FP_SUBNORMAL")
         .blocklist_item("FP_NORMAL")
-        .blocklist_type("pxl8_vec2")
-        .blocklist_type("pxl8_vec3")
-        .blocklist_type("pxl8_vec4")
-        .blocklist_type("pxl8_mat4")
-        .raw_line("pub use crate::math::{pxl8_vec2, pxl8_vec3, pxl8_vec4, pxl8_mat4};")
         .clang_arg("-DPXL8_NO_SIMD")
         .use_core()
         .rustified_enum(".*")
diff --git a/pxl8d/src/bsp.rs b/pxl8d/src/bsp.rs
index 8d36245..0ef5fa0 100644
--- a/pxl8d/src/bsp.rs
+++ b/pxl8d/src/bsp.rs
@@ -101,38 +101,6 @@ impl Default for CellPortals {
     }
 }
 
-impl Clone for Face {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            first_edge: self.first_edge,
-            lightmap_offset: self.lightmap_offset,
-            num_edges: self.num_edges,
-            plane_id: self.plane_id,
-            side: self.side,
-            styles: self.styles,
-            material_id: self.material_id,
-            aabb_min: self.aabb_min,
-            aabb_max: self.aabb_max,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Clone for Plane {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            dist: self.dist,
-            normal: self.normal,
-            type_: self.type_,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Clone for Vertex {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Self { position: self.position }
-    }
-}
-
 pub struct Bsp {
     inner: pxl8_bsp,
     pub cell_portals: Box<[CellPortals]>,
diff --git a/pxl8d/src/math.rs b/pxl8d/src/math.rs
index 250ec0f..ea2b272 100644
--- a/pxl8d/src/math.rs
+++ b/pxl8d/src/math.rs
@@ -1,43 +1,8 @@
 use core::ops::{Add, Mul, Sub};
 
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct Vec2 {
-    pub x: f32,
-    pub y: f32,
-}
+use crate::pxl8::pxl8_vec3;
 
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct Vec3 {
-    pub x: f32,
-    pub y: f32,
-    pub z: f32,
-}
-
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct Vec4 {
-    pub x: f32,
-    pub y: f32,
-    pub z: f32,
-    pub w: f32,
-}
-
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct Mat4 {
-    pub m: [f32; 16],
-}
-
-#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-pub type pxl8_vec2 = Vec2;
-#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-pub type pxl8_vec3 = Vec3;
-#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-pub type pxl8_vec4 = Vec4;
-#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-pub type pxl8_mat4 = Mat4;
+pub type Vec3 = pxl8_vec3;
 
 pub const VEC3_ZERO: Vec3 = Vec3 { x: 0.0, y: 0.0, z: 0.0 };
 pub const VEC3_Y: Vec3 = Vec3 { x: 0.0, y: 1.0, z: 0.0 };
diff --git a/pxl8d/src/procgen.rs b/pxl8d/src/procgen.rs
index 1df3441..0da79f0 100644
--- a/pxl8d/src/procgen.rs
+++ b/pxl8d/src/procgen.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use libm::sqrtf;
 
 use crate::bsp::{Bsp, BspBuilder, CellPortals, Edge, Face, Leaf, Node, Plane, Portal, Vertex};
 use crate::math::{Vec3, Vec3Ext};
-use crate::pxl8::{pxl8_vec3_cross, pxl8_vec3_dot, pxl8_vec3_normalize, pxl8_vec3_scale, pxl8_vec3_add, pxl8_vec3_sub};
 
 pub const CELL_SIZE: f32 = 64.0;
 pub const WALL_HEIGHT: f32 = 128.0;
@@ -403,139 +402,36 @@ fn build_pvs_data(bsp: &mut BspBuilder, portals: &[CellPortals]) {
     bsp.visdata = visdata;
 }
 
-const AO_NUM_SAMPLES: usize = 16;
-const AO_RAY_LENGTH: f32 = 48.0;
-
-fn generate_hemisphere_samples(normal: Vec3) -> [Vec3; AO_NUM_SAMPLES] {
-    let tangent = if normal.y.abs() < 0.9 {
-        unsafe { pxl8_vec3_normalize(pxl8_vec3_cross(normal, Vec3::new(0.0, 1.0, 0.0))) }
-    } else {
-        unsafe { pxl8_vec3_normalize(pxl8_vec3_cross(normal, Vec3::new(1.0, 0.0, 0.0))) }
-    };
-    let bitangent = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_cross(normal, tangent) };
-
-    let mut samples = [Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0); AO_NUM_SAMPLES];
-    for i in 0..AO_NUM_SAMPLES {
-        let phi = (i as f32 / AO_NUM_SAMPLES as f32) * core::f32::consts::TAU;
-        let theta = ((i as f32 + 0.5) / AO_NUM_SAMPLES as f32) * (core::f32::consts::PI * 0.45);
-        let (sin_phi, cos_phi) = (libm::sinf(phi), libm::cosf(phi));
-        let (sin_theta, cos_theta) = (libm::sinf(theta), libm::cosf(theta));
-
-        let local_x = sin_theta * cos_phi;
-        let local_y = cos_theta;
-        let local_z = sin_theta * sin_phi;
-
-        unsafe {
-            let t_contrib = pxl8_vec3_scale(tangent, local_x);
-            let n_contrib = pxl8_vec3_scale(normal, local_y);
-            let b_contrib = pxl8_vec3_scale(bitangent, local_z);
-            samples[i] = pxl8_vec3_normalize(pxl8_vec3_add(pxl8_vec3_add(t_contrib, n_contrib), b_contrib));
-        }
-    }
-    samples
-}
-
-fn ray_triangle_intersect(origin: Vec3, dir: Vec3, v0: Vec3, v1: Vec3, v2: Vec3, max_dist: f32) -> bool {
-    let edge1 = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_sub(v1, v0) };
-    let edge2 = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_sub(v2, v0) };
-    let h = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_cross(dir, edge2) };
-    let a = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_dot(edge1, h) };
-
-    if a > -0.0001 && a < 0.0001 {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    let f = 1.0 / a;
-    let s = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_sub(origin, v0) };
-    let u = f * unsafe { pxl8_vec3_dot(s, h) };
-    if u < 0.0 || u > 1.0 {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    let q = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_cross(s, edge1) };
-    let v = f * unsafe { pxl8_vec3_dot(dir, q) };
-    if v < 0.0 || u + v > 1.0 {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    let t = f * unsafe { pxl8_vec3_dot(edge2, q) };
-    t > 0.001 && t < max_dist
-}
-
-fn compute_vertex_ao(bsp: &BspBuilder, pos: Vec3, normal: Vec3) -> f32 {
-    let samples = generate_hemisphere_samples(normal);
-    let offset_pos = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_add(pos, pxl8_vec3_scale(normal, 0.5)) };
-
-    let mut occluded = 0;
-
-    for sample_dir in &samples {
-        'face_loop: for face in &bsp.faces {
-            if face.num_edges < 3 {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            let mut verts = [Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0); 4];
-            let mut num_verts = 0usize;
-
-            for e in 0..face.num_edges.min(4) {
-                let surfedge_idx = (face.first_edge + e as u32) as usize;
-                if surfedge_idx >= bsp.surfedges.len() {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                let edge_idx = bsp.surfedges[surfedge_idx];
-                let vert_idx = if edge_idx >= 0 {
-                    let ei = edge_idx as usize;
-                    if ei >= bsp.edges.len() { continue; }
-                    bsp.edges[ei].vertex[0] as usize
-                } else {
-                    let ei = (-edge_idx) as usize;
-                    if ei >= bsp.edges.len() { continue; }
-                    bsp.edges[ei].vertex[1] as usize
-                };
-
-                if vert_idx < bsp.vertices.len() {
-                    verts[num_verts] = bsp.vertices[vert_idx].position;
-                    num_verts += 1;
-                }
-            }
-
-            if num_verts >= 3 {
-                if ray_triangle_intersect(offset_pos, *sample_dir, verts[0], verts[1], verts[2], AO_RAY_LENGTH) {
-                    occluded += 1;
-                    break 'face_loop;
-                }
-                if num_verts == 4 {
-                    if ray_triangle_intersect(offset_pos, *sample_dir, verts[0], verts[2], verts[3], AO_RAY_LENGTH) {
-                        occluded += 1;
-                        break 'face_loop;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    1.0 - (occluded as f32 / AO_NUM_SAMPLES as f32)
-}
-
 fn compute_vertex_light(
     pos: Vec3,
     normal: Vec3,
     lights: &[LightSource],
+    ambient: f32,
 ) -> f32 {
-    let mut total = 0.0;
+    let mut total = ambient;
 
     for light in lights {
-        let to_light = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_sub(light.position, pos) };
-        let dist = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_dot(to_light, to_light) };
-        let dist = sqrtf(dist).max(1.0);
+        let to_light = Vec3::new(
+            light.position.x - pos.x,
+            light.position.y - pos.y,
+            light.position.z - pos.z,
+        );
+
+        let dist_sq = to_light.x * to_light.x + to_light.y * to_light.y + to_light.z * to_light.z;
+        let dist = sqrtf(dist_sq).max(1.0);
 
         if dist > light.radius {
             continue;
         }
 
-        let light_dir = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_normalize(to_light) };
-        let ndotl = unsafe { pxl8_vec3_dot(normal, light_dir) }.max(0.0);
+        let inv_dist = 1.0 / dist;
+        let light_dir = Vec3::new(
+            to_light.x * inv_dist,
+            to_light.y * inv_dist,
+            to_light.z * inv_dist,
+        );
+
+        let ndotl = (normal.x * light_dir.x + normal.y * light_dir.y + normal.z * light_dir.z).max(0.0);
 
         let attenuation = (1.0 - dist / light.radius).max(0.0);
         let attenuation = attenuation * attenuation;
@@ -546,13 +442,12 @@ fn compute_vertex_light(
     total.min(1.0)
 }
 
-fn compute_bsp_vertex_lighting(bsp: &mut BspBuilder, lights: &[LightSource]) {
+fn compute_bsp_vertex_lighting(bsp: &mut BspBuilder, lights: &[LightSource], ambient: f32) {
     if bsp.vertices.is_empty() {
         return;
     }
 
     bsp.vertex_lights = vec![0u32; bsp.vertices.len()];
-    let mut vertex_normals: Vec<Option<Vec3>> = vec![None; bsp.vertices.len()];
 
     for f in 0..bsp.faces.len() {
         let face = &bsp.faces[f];
@@ -583,27 +478,13 @@ fn compute_bsp_vertex_lighting(bsp: &mut BspBuilder, lights: &[LightSource]) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            vertex_normals[vert_idx] = Some(normal);
-
             let pos = bsp.vertices[vert_idx].position;
-            let direct = compute_vertex_light(pos, normal, lights);
-            let direct_byte = ((direct * 255.0).min(255.0)) as u8;
+            let light = compute_vertex_light(pos, normal, lights, ambient);
 
-            bsp.vertex_lights[vert_idx] = (bsp.vertex_lights[vert_idx] & 0x00FFFFFF) | ((direct_byte as u32) << 24);
+            let light_byte = (light * 255.0) as u8;
+            bsp.vertex_lights[vert_idx] = ((light_byte as u32) << 24) | 0x00FFFFFF;
         }
     }
-
-    for vert_idx in 0..bsp.vertices.len() {
-        let normal = match vertex_normals[vert_idx] {
-            Some(n) => n,
-            None => continue,
-        };
-        let pos = bsp.vertices[vert_idx].position;
-        let ao = compute_vertex_ao(bsp, pos, normal);
-        let ao_byte = ((ao * 255.0).min(255.0)) as u8;
-
-        bsp.vertex_lights[vert_idx] = (bsp.vertex_lights[vert_idx] & 0xFF00FFFF) | ((ao_byte as u32) << 16);
-    }
 }
 
 fn grid_to_bsp(bsp: &mut BspBuilder, grid: &RoomGrid) {
@@ -1045,27 +926,17 @@ pub fn generate_rooms(params: &ProcgenParams) -> Bsp {
     grid_to_bsp(&mut bsp, &grid);
 
     let light_height = 80.0;
-    let fireball_pos = Vec3::new(384.0, light_height, 324.0);
-    let fireball_exclusion_radius = 150.0;
-
-    let lights: Vec<LightSource> = rooms.iter().filter_map(|room| {
+    let lights: Vec<LightSource> = rooms.iter().map(|room| {
         let cx = (room.x as f32 + room.w as f32 / 2.0) * CELL_SIZE;
-        let cz = (room.y as f32 + room.h as f32 / 2.0) * CELL_SIZE;
-
-        let dx = cx - fireball_pos.x;
-        let dz = cz - fireball_pos.z;
-        if dx * dx + dz * dz < fireball_exclusion_radius * fireball_exclusion_radius {
-            return None;
+        let cy = (room.y as f32 + room.h as f32 / 2.0) * CELL_SIZE;
+        LightSource {
+            position: Vec3::new(cx, light_height, cy),
+            intensity: 0.8,
+            radius: 300.0,
         }
-
-        Some(LightSource {
-            position: Vec3::new(cx, light_height, cz),
-            intensity: 1.8,
-            radius: 160.0,
-        })
     }).collect();
 
-    compute_bsp_vertex_lighting(&mut bsp, &lights);
+    compute_bsp_vertex_lighting(&mut bsp, &lights, 0.1);
 
     bsp.into()
 }
diff --git a/pxl8d/src/sim.rs b/pxl8d/src/sim.rs
index e916861..e3dc5c1 100644
--- a/pxl8d/src/sim.rs
+++ b/pxl8d/src/sim.rs
@@ -28,20 +28,6 @@ impl Default for Entity {
     }
 }
 
-impl Clone for Entity {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pos: self.pos,
-            vel: self.vel,
-            yaw: self.yaw,
-            pitch: self.pitch,
-            flags: self.flags,
-            kind: self.kind,
-            _pad: self._pad,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 pub struct Simulation {
     pub entities: Vec<Entity>,
     pub free_list: Vec<u32>,
diff --git a/src/asset/pxl8_embed.h b/src/asset/pxl8_embed.h
index b33b40d..7139fa4 100644
--- a/src/asset/pxl8_embed.h
+++ b/src/asset/pxl8_embed.h
@@ -27,8 +27,12 @@ static const char embed_pxl8_effects[] = {
 #embed "src/lua/pxl8/effects.lua"
 , 0 };
 
-static const char embed_pxl8_gfx[] = {
-#embed "src/lua/pxl8/gfx.lua"
+static const char embed_pxl8_gfx2d[] = {
+#embed "src/lua/pxl8/gfx2d.lua"
+, 0 };
+
+static const char embed_pxl8_gfx3d[] = {
+#embed "src/lua/pxl8/gfx3d.lua"
 , 0 };
 
 static const char embed_pxl8_gui[] = {
@@ -82,7 +86,8 @@ static const pxl8_embed pxl8_embeds[] = {
     PXL8_EMBED_ENTRY(embed_pxl8_bytes,      "pxl8.bytes"),
     PXL8_EMBED_ENTRY(embed_pxl8_core,       "pxl8.core"),
     PXL8_EMBED_ENTRY(embed_pxl8_effects,    "pxl8.effects"),
-    PXL8_EMBED_ENTRY(embed_pxl8_gfx,        "pxl8.gfx"),
+    PXL8_EMBED_ENTRY(embed_pxl8_gfx2d,      "pxl8.gfx2d"),
+    PXL8_EMBED_ENTRY(embed_pxl8_gfx3d,      "pxl8.gfx3d"),
     PXL8_EMBED_ENTRY(embed_pxl8_gui,        "pxl8.gui"),
     PXL8_EMBED_ENTRY(embed_pxl8_input,      "pxl8.input"),
     PXL8_EMBED_ENTRY(embed_pxl8_math,       "pxl8.math"),
diff --git a/src/bsp/pxl8_bsp_render.c b/src/bsp/pxl8_bsp_render.c
index 8afe551..5f85a65 100644
--- a/src/bsp/pxl8_bsp_render.c
+++ b/src/bsp/pxl8_bsp_render.c
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ static screen_rect project_portal_to_screen(const pxl8_bsp_portal* portal, const
 }
 
 static void collect_face_to_mesh(const pxl8_bsp* bsp, const pxl8_bsp_render_state* state,
-                                 u32 face_id, pxl8_mesh* mesh, u8 ambient) {
+                                 u32 face_id, pxl8_mesh* mesh) {
     const pxl8_bsp_face* face = &bsp->faces[face_id];
     if (face->num_edges < 3) return;
 
@@ -179,11 +179,7 @@ static void collect_face_to_mesh(const pxl8_bsp* bsp, const pxl8_bsp_render_stat
 
         u8 light = 255;
         if (bsp->vertex_lights && vert_idx < bsp->num_vertex_lights) {
-            u32 packed = bsp->vertex_lights[vert_idx];
-            u8 direct = (packed >> 24) & 0xFF;
-            u8 ao = (packed >> 16) & 0xFF;
-            f32 combined = (f32)direct + ((f32)ambient / 255.0f) * (f32)ao;
-            light = (u8)(combined > 255.0f ? 255.0f : combined);
+            light = (bsp->vertex_lights[vert_idx] >> 24) & 0xFF;
         }
 
         pxl8_vertex vtx = {
@@ -234,7 +230,7 @@ void pxl8_bsp_render_face(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_bsp* bsp, u32 face_id, const
     pxl8_mesh* mesh = pxl8_mesh_create(64, 192);
     if (!mesh) return;
 
-    collect_face_to_mesh(bsp, NULL, face_id, mesh, pxl8_gfx_get_ambient(gfx));
+    collect_face_to_mesh(bsp, NULL, face_id, mesh);
 
     if (mesh->index_count > 0) {
         pxl8_mat4 identity = pxl8_mat4_identity();
@@ -246,8 +242,15 @@ void pxl8_bsp_render_face(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_bsp* bsp, u32 face_id, const
 
 void pxl8_bsp_render(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_bsp* bsp,
                      pxl8_bsp_render_state* state, pxl8_vec3 camera_pos) {
-    if (!gfx || !bsp || !state || bsp->num_faces == 0) return;
-    if (!state->materials || state->num_materials == 0) return;
+    if (!gfx || !bsp || !state || bsp->num_faces == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!bsp->cell_portals || bsp->num_cell_portals == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!state->materials || state->num_materials == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
 
     const pxl8_frustum* frustum = pxl8_3d_get_frustum(gfx);
     const pxl8_mat4* vp = pxl8_3d_get_view_proj(gfx);
@@ -256,38 +259,6 @@ void pxl8_bsp_render(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_bsp* bsp,
     i32 camera_leaf = pxl8_bsp_find_leaf(bsp, camera_pos);
     if (camera_leaf < 0 || (u32)camera_leaf >= bsp->num_leafs) return;
 
-    if (!bsp->cell_portals || bsp->num_cell_portals == 0) {
-        pxl8_mesh* mesh = pxl8_mesh_create(8192, 16384);
-        if (!mesh) return;
-
-        u32 current_material = 0xFFFFFFFF;
-
-        for (u32 face_id = 0; face_id < bsp->num_faces; face_id++) {
-            if (!face_in_frustum(bsp, face_id, frustum)) continue;
-
-            const pxl8_bsp_face* face = &bsp->faces[face_id];
-            u32 material_id = face->material_id;
-            if (material_id >= state->num_materials) continue;
-
-            if (material_id != current_material && mesh->index_count > 0 && current_material < state->num_materials) {
-                pxl8_mat4 identity = pxl8_mat4_identity();
-                pxl8_3d_draw_mesh(gfx, mesh, &identity, &state->materials[current_material]);
-                pxl8_mesh_clear(mesh);
-            }
-
-            current_material = material_id;
-            collect_face_to_mesh(bsp, state, face_id, mesh, pxl8_gfx_get_ambient(gfx));
-        }
-
-        if (mesh->index_count > 0 && current_material < state->num_materials) {
-            pxl8_mat4 identity = pxl8_mat4_identity();
-            pxl8_3d_draw_mesh(gfx, mesh, &identity, &state->materials[current_material]);
-        }
-
-        pxl8_mesh_destroy(mesh);
-        return;
-    }
-
     if (!state->render_face_flags && state->num_faces > 0) {
         state->render_face_flags = pxl8_calloc(state->num_faces, 1);
         if (!state->render_face_flags) return;
@@ -399,7 +370,7 @@ void pxl8_bsp_render(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_bsp* bsp,
             }
 
             current_material = material_id;
-            collect_face_to_mesh(bsp, state, face_id, mesh, pxl8_gfx_get_ambient(gfx));
+            collect_face_to_mesh(bsp, state, face_id, mesh);
         }
     }
 
@@ -449,3 +420,10 @@ void pxl8_bsp_set_material(pxl8_bsp_render_state* state, u16 material_id, const
     state->materials[material_id].u_offset = u_offset;
     state->materials[material_id].v_offset = v_offset;
 }
+
+void pxl8_bsp_set_wireframe(pxl8_bsp_render_state* state, bool wireframe) {
+    if (!state || !state->materials) return;
+    for (u32 i = 0; i < state->num_materials; i++) {
+        state->materials[i].wireframe = wireframe;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/bsp/pxl8_bsp_render.h b/src/bsp/pxl8_bsp_render.h
index 3c4cb4e..04b1cb3 100644
--- a/src/bsp/pxl8_bsp_render.h
+++ b/src/bsp/pxl8_bsp_render.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ void pxl8_bsp_render_face(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_bsp* bsp, u32 face_id,
                           const pxl8_gfx_material* material);
 void pxl8_bsp_set_material(pxl8_bsp_render_state* state, u16 material_id,
                            const pxl8_gfx_material* material);
+void pxl8_bsp_set_wireframe(pxl8_bsp_render_state* state, bool wireframe);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
diff --git a/src/core/pxl8.c b/src/core/pxl8.c
index ac06e7d..642bc0e 100644
--- a/src/core/pxl8.c
+++ b/src/core/pxl8.c
@@ -393,16 +393,13 @@ pxl8_result pxl8_update(pxl8* sys) {
     }
 
 #ifdef PXL8_ASYNC_THREADS
-    if (game->world) {
+    if (game->world && (pxl8_world_local_player(game->world))) {
         pxl8_input_msg msg = {0};
         msg.move_x = (pxl8_key_down(&game->input, "d") ? 1.0f : 0.0f) - (pxl8_key_down(&game->input, "a") ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
         msg.move_y = (pxl8_key_down(&game->input, "w") ? 1.0f : 0.0f) - (pxl8_key_down(&game->input, "s") ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
-        if (game->input.mouse_relative_mode) {
-            msg.look_dx = (f32)pxl8_mouse_dx(&game->input);
-            msg.look_dy = (f32)pxl8_mouse_dy(&game->input);
-        }
+        msg.look_dx = (f32)pxl8_mouse_dx(&game->input);
+        msg.look_dy = (f32)pxl8_mouse_dy(&game->input);
         msg.buttons = pxl8_key_down(&game->input, "space") ? 1 : 0;
-
         pxl8_world_push_input(game->world, &msg);
     }
     pxl8_net_update(game->net, dt);
@@ -412,6 +409,7 @@ pxl8_result pxl8_update(pxl8* sys) {
         pxl8_net_update(game->net, dt);
         pxl8_world_sync(game->world, game->net);
     }
+
     pxl8_world_update(game->world, &game->input, dt);
 #endif
 
@@ -565,6 +563,9 @@ void pxl8_set_relative_mouse_mode(pxl8* sys, bool enabled) {
     sys->hal->set_relative_mouse_mode(sys->platform_data, enabled);
     if (sys->game) {
         sys->game->input.mouse_relative_mode = enabled;
+#ifdef PXL8_ASYNC_THREADS
+        pxl8_world_pause_sim(sys->game->world, !enabled);
+#endif
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/core/pxl8_macros.h b/src/core/pxl8_macros.h
index f289461..ed3509d 100644
--- a/src/core/pxl8_macros.h
+++ b/src/core/pxl8_macros.h
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 #include <string.h>
 
-#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
-#define pxl8_likely(x)   __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
-#define pxl8_unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
-#else
-#define pxl8_likely(x)   (x)
-#define pxl8_unlikely(x) (x)
-#endif
-
 #ifndef pxl8_min
 #define pxl8_min(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
 #endif
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_atlas.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_atlas.h
index 94e0a95..2a429f9 100644
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_atlas.h
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_atlas.h
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ typedef struct pxl8_atlas pxl8_atlas;
 
 typedef struct pxl8_atlas_entry {
     bool active;
-    i32 h, w, x, y;
-    u8 log2_h, log2_w;
     u32 texture_id;
+    i32 x, y, w, h;
     u32 tiled_base;
+    u8 log2_w;
 } pxl8_atlas_entry;
 
 static inline u32 pxl8_tile_addr(u32 u, u32 v, u8 log2_w) {
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_backend.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_backend.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7741b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_backend.h
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef PXL8_BACKEND_H
+#define PXL8_BACKEND_H
+
+#include "pxl8_cpu.h"
+
+typedef enum {
+    PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU,
+    PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU,
+} pxl8_gfx_backend_type;
+
+typedef struct {
+    pxl8_gfx_backend_type type;
+    union {
+        pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu;
+        void* gpu;
+    };
+} pxl8_gfx_backend;
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_colormap.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_colormap.h
index fb9f714..04f8fd0 100644
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_colormap.h
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_colormap.h
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ static inline u8 pxl8_colormap_lookup(const pxl8_colormap* cm, u8 pal_idx, pxl8_
 }
 
 static inline u8 pxl8_colormap_lookup_dithered(const pxl8_colormap* cm, u8 pal_idx, pxl8_light_color light_color, u8 intensity, u32 x, u32 y) {
-    u8 dithered = pxl8_gfx_dither((f32)intensity + 0.5f, x, y);
+    u8 dithered = pxl8_dither_light(intensity, x, y);
     u32 light_row = ((u32)light_color << 3) + (dithered >> 5);
     return cm->table[(light_row << 8) + pal_idx];
 }
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_cpu.c b/src/gfx/pxl8_cpu.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2989d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_cpu.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1669 @@
+#include "pxl8_atlas.h"
+#include "pxl8_bsp.h"
+#include "pxl8_cpu.h"
+#include "pxl8_log.h"
+#include "pxl8_mem.h"
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+struct pxl8_cpu_render_target {
+    u8* framebuffer;
+    u32 height;
+    u32 width;
+    u16* zbuffer;
+    u32* light_accum;
+};
+
+static inline f32 calc_light_intensity(const pxl8_light* light, pxl8_vec3 world_pos, pxl8_vec3 normal) {
+    pxl8_vec3 to_light = pxl8_vec3_sub(light->position, world_pos);
+    f32 dist_sq = pxl8_vec3_dot(to_light, to_light);
+
+    if (dist_sq >= light->radius_sq) {
+        return 0.0f;
+    }
+
+    f32 intensity_norm = light->intensity * (1.0f / 255.0f);
+    f32 falloff = 1.0f - dist_sq * light->inv_radius_sq;
+
+    if (dist_sq < 0.001f) {
+        return falloff * intensity_norm;
+    }
+
+    f32 inv_dist = pxl8_fast_inv_sqrt(dist_sq);
+    pxl8_vec3 light_dir = pxl8_vec3_scale(to_light, inv_dist);
+    f32 n_dot_l = pxl8_vec3_dot(normal, light_dir);
+
+    if (n_dot_l <= 0.0f) {
+        return 0.0f;
+    }
+
+    return n_dot_l * falloff * intensity_norm;
+}
+
+typedef struct pxl8_light_result {
+    u8 light;
+    u32 light_color;
+} pxl8_light_result;
+
+static pxl8_light_result calc_vertex_light(
+    pxl8_vec3 world_pos,
+    pxl8_vec3 normal,
+    const pxl8_3d_frame* frame
+) {
+    f32 intensity = 0.25f + frame->uniforms.ambient * (1.0f / 255.0f);
+
+    f32 accum_r = 0.0f;
+    f32 accum_g = 0.0f;
+    f32 accum_b = 0.0f;
+    f32 total_dynamic = 0.0f;
+
+    f32 celestial_dot = -pxl8_vec3_dot(normal, frame->uniforms.celestial_dir);
+    if (celestial_dot > 0.0f) {
+        intensity += celestial_dot * frame->uniforms.celestial_intensity;
+    }
+
+    f32 sky_factor = normal.y * 0.5f + 0.5f;
+    if (sky_factor < 0.0f) sky_factor = 0.0f;
+    intensity += sky_factor * frame->uniforms.celestial_intensity * 0.3f;
+
+    for (u32 i = 0; i < frame->lights_count; i++) {
+        const pxl8_light* light = &frame->lights[i];
+        f32 contrib = calc_light_intensity(light, world_pos, normal);
+        if (contrib > 0.0f) {
+            intensity += contrib;
+            total_dynamic += contrib;
+
+            accum_r += light->r * contrib;
+            accum_g += light->g * contrib;
+            accum_b += light->b * contrib;
+        }
+    }
+
+    u32 light_color = 0;
+    if (total_dynamic > 0.001f) {
+        f32 inv_total = 1.0f / total_dynamic;
+        f32 tint_strength = total_dynamic * 1.5f;
+        if (tint_strength > 1.0f) tint_strength = 1.0f;
+
+        u32 r = (u32)(accum_r * inv_total);
+        u32 g = (u32)(accum_g * inv_total);
+        u32 b = (u32)(accum_b * inv_total);
+        u32 a = (u32)(tint_strength * 255.0f);
+
+        if (r > 255) r = 255;
+        if (g > 255) g = 255;
+        if (b > 255) b = 255;
+
+        light_color = r | (g << 8) | (b << 16) | (a << 24);
+    }
+
+    if (intensity < 0.0f) intensity = 0.0f;
+    if (intensity > 1.0f) intensity = 1.0f;
+
+    return (pxl8_light_result){
+        .light = (u8)(intensity * 255.0f),
+        .light_color = light_color,
+    };
+}
+
+#define PXL8_MAX_TARGET_STACK 8
+
+struct pxl8_cpu_backend {
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* current_target;
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* target_stack[PXL8_MAX_TARGET_STACK];
+    u32 target_stack_depth;
+    const pxl8_colormap* colormap;
+    const pxl8_palette_cube* palette_cube;
+    const u32* palette;
+    pxl8_3d_frame frame;
+    pxl8_mat4 mvp;
+    u32* output;
+    u32 output_size;
+    u32 light_tint;
+    f32 light_depth;
+    i32 light_leaf;
+};
+
+static inline void clip_line_2d(i32* x0, i32* y0, i32* x1, i32* y1, i32 w, i32 h, bool* visible) {
+    const u8 INSIDE = 0, LEFT = 1, RIGHT = 2, BOTTOM = 4, TOP = 8;
+
+    u8 outcode0 = INSIDE, outcode1 = INSIDE;
+    if (*x0 < 0) outcode0 |= LEFT;
+    else if (*x0 >= w) outcode0 |= RIGHT;
+    if (*y0 < 0) outcode0 |= TOP;
+    else if (*y0 >= h) outcode0 |= BOTTOM;
+
+    if (*x1 < 0) outcode1 |= LEFT;
+    else if (*x1 >= w) outcode1 |= RIGHT;
+    if (*y1 < 0) outcode1 |= TOP;
+    else if (*y1 >= h) outcode1 |= BOTTOM;
+
+    *visible = true;
+    while (true) {
+        if ((outcode0 | outcode1) == 0) return;
+        if ((outcode0 & outcode1) != 0) { *visible = false; return; }
+
+        u8 out = outcode0 ? outcode0 : outcode1;
+        i32 x, y;
+        i64 dx = *x1 - *x0, dy = *y1 - *y0;
+
+        if (out & TOP) { x = *x0 + (i32)(dx * (0 - *y0) / dy); y = 0; }
+        else if (out & BOTTOM) { x = *x0 + (i32)(dx * (h - 1 - *y0) / dy); y = h - 1; }
+        else if (out & RIGHT) { y = *y0 + (i32)(dy * (w - 1 - *x0) / dx); x = w - 1; }
+        else { y = *y0 + (i32)(dy * (0 - *x0) / dx); x = 0; }
+
+        if (out == outcode0) {
+            *x0 = x; *y0 = y;
+            outcode0 = INSIDE;
+            if (*x0 < 0) outcode0 |= LEFT;
+            else if (*x0 >= w) outcode0 |= RIGHT;
+            if (*y0 < 0) outcode0 |= TOP;
+            else if (*y0 >= h) outcode0 |= BOTTOM;
+        } else {
+            *x1 = x; *y1 = y;
+            outcode1 = INSIDE;
+            if (*x1 < 0) outcode1 |= LEFT;
+            else if (*x1 >= w) outcode1 |= RIGHT;
+            if (*y1 < 0) outcode1 |= TOP;
+            else if (*y1 >= h) outcode1 |= BOTTOM;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pxl8_cpu_backend* pxl8_cpu_create(u32 width, u32 height) {
+    pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu = pxl8_calloc(1, sizeof(pxl8_cpu_backend));
+    if (!cpu) return NULL;
+
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target_desc desc = {
+        .width = width,
+        .height = height,
+        .with_depth = true,
+        .with_lighting = true,
+    };
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* base_target = pxl8_cpu_create_render_target(&desc);
+    if (!base_target) {
+        pxl8_free(cpu);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    cpu->target_stack[0] = base_target;
+    cpu->target_stack_depth = 1;
+    cpu->current_target = base_target;
+
+    cpu->output_size = width * height;
+    cpu->output = pxl8_calloc(cpu->output_size, sizeof(u32));
+    if (!cpu->output) {
+        pxl8_cpu_destroy_render_target(base_target);
+        pxl8_free(cpu);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return cpu;
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_destroy(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    if (!cpu) return;
+    for (u32 i = 0; i < cpu->target_stack_depth; i++) {
+        pxl8_cpu_destroy_render_target(cpu->target_stack[i]);
+    }
+    pxl8_free(cpu->output);
+    pxl8_free(cpu);
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_begin_frame(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, const pxl8_3d_frame* frame) {
+    if (!cpu || !frame) return;
+    cpu->frame = *frame;
+    cpu->mvp = pxl8_mat4_multiply(frame->projection, frame->view);
+
+    cpu->light_tint = 0;
+    cpu->light_depth = 1.0f;
+    cpu->light_leaf = -1;
+    if (frame->lights_count > 0) {
+        const pxl8_light* light = &frame->lights[0];
+        cpu->light_tint = light->r | (light->g << 8) | (light->b << 16);
+
+        pxl8_vec4 light_clip = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(cpu->mvp, (pxl8_vec4){light->position.x, light->position.y, light->position.z, 1.0f});
+        if (light_clip.w > 0.001f) {
+            cpu->light_depth = light_clip.z / light_clip.w;
+        }
+
+        if (frame->bsp) {
+            cpu->light_leaf = pxl8_bsp_find_leaf(frame->bsp, light->position);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_end_frame(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    (void)cpu;
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_clear(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, u8 color) {
+    if (!cpu || !cpu->current_target || !cpu->current_target->framebuffer) return;
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+    memset(render_target->framebuffer, color, render_target->width * render_target->height);
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_clear_depth(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    if (!cpu || !cpu->current_target) return;
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+    u32 count = render_target->width * render_target->height;
+    if (render_target->zbuffer) {
+        memset(render_target->zbuffer, 0xFF, count * sizeof(u16));
+    }
+    if (render_target->light_accum) {
+        memset(render_target->light_accum, 0, count * sizeof(u32));
+    }
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_set_colormap(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, const pxl8_colormap* cm) {
+    if (cpu) cpu->colormap = cm;
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_set_palette_cube(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, const pxl8_palette_cube* cube) {
+    if (cpu) cpu->palette_cube = cube;
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_set_palette(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, const u32* palette) {
+    if (cpu) cpu->palette = palette;
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_pixel(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 x, i32 y, u8 color) {
+    if (!cpu || !cpu->current_target || !cpu->current_target->framebuffer) return;
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+    if (x < 0 || x >= (i32)render_target->width || y < 0 || y >= (i32)render_target->height) return;
+    render_target->framebuffer[y * render_target->width + x] = color;
+}
+
+u8 pxl8_cpu_get_pixel(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 x, i32 y) {
+    if (!cpu || !cpu->current_target || !cpu->current_target->framebuffer) return 0;
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+    if (x < 0 || x >= (i32)render_target->width || y < 0 || y >= (i32)render_target->height) return 0;
+    return render_target->framebuffer[y * render_target->width + x];
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_line_2d(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 x0, i32 y0, i32 x1, i32 y1, u8 color) {
+    if (!cpu || !cpu->current_target || !cpu->current_target->framebuffer) return;
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+
+    bool visible;
+    clip_line_2d(&x0, &y0, &x1, &y1, (i32)render_target->width, (i32)render_target->height, &visible);
+    if (!visible) return;
+
+    i32 dx = x1 - x0;
+    i32 dy = y1 - y0;
+    i32 sx = dx > 0 ? 1 : -1;
+    i32 sy = dy > 0 ? 1 : -1;
+    dx = dx > 0 ? dx : -dx;
+    dy = dy > 0 ? dy : -dy;
+
+    i32 err = (dx > dy ? dx : -dy) / 2;
+    u8* fb = render_target->framebuffer;
+    u32 w = render_target->width;
+
+    while (true) {
+        fb[(u32)y0 * w + (u32)x0] = color;
+        if (x0 == x1 && y0 == y1) break;
+        i32 e2 = err;
+        if (e2 > -dx) { err -= dy; x0 += sx; }
+        if (e2 < dy) { err += dx; y0 += sy; }
+    }
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_rect(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, u8 color) {
+    if (!cpu) return;
+    pxl8_cpu_draw_line_2d(cpu, x, y, x + w - 1, y, color);
+    pxl8_cpu_draw_line_2d(cpu, x + w - 1, y, x + w - 1, y + h - 1, color);
+    pxl8_cpu_draw_line_2d(cpu, x + w - 1, y + h - 1, x, y + h - 1, color);
+    pxl8_cpu_draw_line_2d(cpu, x, y + h - 1, x, y, color);
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_rect_fill(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, u8 color) {
+    if (!cpu || !cpu->current_target || !cpu->current_target->framebuffer) return;
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+
+    i32 x0 = (x < 0) ? 0 : x;
+    i32 y0 = (y < 0) ? 0 : y;
+    i32 x1 = (x + w > (i32)render_target->width) ? (i32)render_target->width : x + w;
+    i32 y1 = (y + h > (i32)render_target->height) ? (i32)render_target->height : y + h;
+
+    i32 rect_w = x1 - x0;
+    if (rect_w <= 0 || y1 <= y0) return;
+
+    for (i32 py = y0; py < y1; py++) {
+        memset(render_target->framebuffer + py * render_target->width + x0, color, rect_w);
+    }
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_circle(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 cx, i32 cy, i32 radius, u8 color) {
+    if (!cpu) return;
+
+    i32 x = radius;
+    i32 y = 0;
+    i32 err = 0;
+
+    while (x >= y) {
+        pxl8_cpu_draw_pixel(cpu, cx + x, cy + y, color);
+        pxl8_cpu_draw_pixel(cpu, cx + y, cy + x, color);
+        pxl8_cpu_draw_pixel(cpu, cx - y, cy + x, color);
+        pxl8_cpu_draw_pixel(cpu, cx - x, cy + y, color);
+        pxl8_cpu_draw_pixel(cpu, cx - x, cy - y, color);
+        pxl8_cpu_draw_pixel(cpu, cx - y, cy - x, color);
+        pxl8_cpu_draw_pixel(cpu, cx + y, cy - x, color);
+        pxl8_cpu_draw_pixel(cpu, cx + x, cy - y, color);
+
+        if (err <= 0) {
+            y += 1;
+            err += 2 * y + 1;
+        } else {
+            x -= 1;
+            err -= 2 * x + 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_circle_fill(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 cx, i32 cy, i32 radius, u8 color) {
+    if (!cpu || !cpu->current_target || !cpu->current_target->framebuffer) return;
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+
+    i32 x0 = (cx - radius < 0) ? -cx : -radius;
+    i32 y0 = (cy - radius < 0) ? -cy : -radius;
+    i32 x1 = (cx + radius >= (i32)render_target->width) ? (i32)render_target->width - cx - 1 : radius;
+    i32 y1 = (cy + radius >= (i32)render_target->height) ? (i32)render_target->height - cy - 1 : radius;
+
+    for (i32 dy = y0; dy <= y1; dy++) {
+        for (i32 dx = x0; dx <= x1; dx++) {
+            if (dx * dx + dy * dy <= radius * radius) {
+                render_target->framebuffer[(cy + dy) * render_target->width + (cx + dx)] = color;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_line_3d(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, pxl8_vec3 v0, pxl8_vec3 v1, u8 color) {
+    if (!cpu || !cpu->current_target) return;
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+
+    pxl8_vec4 c0 = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(cpu->mvp, (pxl8_vec4){v0.x, v0.y, v0.z, 1.0f});
+    pxl8_vec4 c1 = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(cpu->mvp, (pxl8_vec4){v1.x, v1.y, v1.z, 1.0f});
+
+    if (c0.w <= 0.0f || c1.w <= 0.0f) return;
+
+    f32 hw = (f32)render_target->width * 0.5f;
+    f32 hh = (f32)render_target->height * 0.5f;
+
+    i32 x0 = (i32)(hw + c0.x / c0.w * hw);
+    i32 y0 = (i32)(hh - c0.y / c0.w * hh);
+    i32 x1 = (i32)(hw + c1.x / c1.w * hw);
+    i32 y1 = (i32)(hh - c1.y / c1.w * hh);
+
+    pxl8_cpu_draw_line_2d(cpu, x0, y0, x1, y1, color);
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    pxl8_vec4 clip_pos;
+    pxl8_vec3 world_pos;
+    pxl8_vec3 normal;
+    f32 u, v;
+    u8 color;
+    u8 light;
+} vertex_output;
+
+static vertex_output lerp_vertex(const vertex_output* a, const vertex_output* b, f32 t) {
+    vertex_output out;
+    out.clip_pos.x = a->clip_pos.x + (b->clip_pos.x - a->clip_pos.x) * t;
+    out.clip_pos.y = a->clip_pos.y + (b->clip_pos.y - a->clip_pos.y) * t;
+    out.clip_pos.z = a->clip_pos.z + (b->clip_pos.z - a->clip_pos.z) * t;
+    out.clip_pos.w = a->clip_pos.w + (b->clip_pos.w - a->clip_pos.w) * t;
+    out.world_pos.x = a->world_pos.x + (b->world_pos.x - a->world_pos.x) * t;
+    out.world_pos.y = a->world_pos.y + (b->world_pos.y - a->world_pos.y) * t;
+    out.world_pos.z = a->world_pos.z + (b->world_pos.z - a->world_pos.z) * t;
+    out.normal.x = a->normal.x + (b->normal.x - a->normal.x) * t;
+    out.normal.y = a->normal.y + (b->normal.y - a->normal.y) * t;
+    out.normal.z = a->normal.z + (b->normal.z - a->normal.z) * t;
+    out.u = a->u + (b->u - a->u) * t;
+    out.v = a->v + (b->v - a->v) * t;
+    out.color = t < 0.5f ? a->color : b->color;
+    out.light = (u8)(a->light + (b->light - a->light) * t);
+    return out;
+}
+
+static i32 clip_triangle_near(
+    const vertex_output* v0, const vertex_output* v1, const vertex_output* v2,
+    f32 near, vertex_output out[6]
+) {
+    bool in0 = v0->clip_pos.w >= near;
+    bool in1 = v1->clip_pos.w >= near;
+    bool in2 = v2->clip_pos.w >= near;
+    i32 count = in0 + in1 + in2;
+
+    if (count == 0) return 0;
+    if (count == 3) {
+        out[0] = *v0; out[1] = *v1; out[2] = *v2;
+        return 3;
+    }
+
+    if (count == 1) {
+        const vertex_output *inside, *out_a, *out_b;
+        if (in0) { inside = v0; out_a = v1; out_b = v2; }
+        else if (in1) { inside = v1; out_a = v2; out_b = v0; }
+        else { inside = v2; out_a = v0; out_b = v1; }
+
+        f32 t_a = (near - out_a->clip_pos.w) / (inside->clip_pos.w - out_a->clip_pos.w);
+        f32 t_b = (near - out_b->clip_pos.w) / (inside->clip_pos.w - out_b->clip_pos.w);
+
+        out[0] = *inside;
+        out[1] = lerp_vertex(out_a, inside, t_a);
+        out[2] = lerp_vertex(out_b, inside, t_b);
+        return 3;
+    }
+
+    const vertex_output *outside, *in_a, *in_b;
+    if (!in0) { outside = v0; in_a = v1; in_b = v2; }
+    else if (!in1) { outside = v1; in_a = v2; in_b = v0; }
+    else { outside = v2; in_a = v0; in_b = v1; }
+
+    f32 t_a = (near - outside->clip_pos.w) / (in_a->clip_pos.w - outside->clip_pos.w);
+    f32 t_b = (near - outside->clip_pos.w) / (in_b->clip_pos.w - outside->clip_pos.w);
+
+    vertex_output new_a = lerp_vertex(outside, in_a, t_a);
+    vertex_output new_b = lerp_vertex(outside, in_b, t_b);
+
+    out[0] = *in_a; out[1] = *in_b; out[2] = new_b;
+    out[3] = *in_a; out[4] = new_b; out[5] = new_a;
+    return 6;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    pxl8_vec3 p0, p1, p2;
+    pxl8_vec3 w_recip;
+    pxl8_vec3 u_w, v_w;
+    pxl8_vec3 l_w;
+    pxl8_vec3 c_w;
+    pxl8_vec3 world0_w, world1_w, world2_w;
+    pxl8_vec3 normal;
+    i32 y_start, y_end;
+    f32 inv_total;
+    u32 target_width, target_height;
+} tri_setup;
+
+static bool setup_triangle(
+    tri_setup* setup,
+    const vertex_output* vo0, const vertex_output* vo1, const vertex_output* vo2,
+    u32 width, u32 height, bool double_sided
+) {
+    f32 hw = (f32)width * 0.5f;
+    f32 hh = (f32)height * 0.5f;
+
+    setup->p0.x = hw + vo0->clip_pos.x / vo0->clip_pos.w * hw;
+    setup->p0.y = hh - vo0->clip_pos.y / vo0->clip_pos.w * hh;
+    setup->p0.z = vo0->clip_pos.z / vo0->clip_pos.w;
+
+    setup->p1.x = hw + vo1->clip_pos.x / vo1->clip_pos.w * hw;
+    setup->p1.y = hh - vo1->clip_pos.y / vo1->clip_pos.w * hh;
+    setup->p1.z = vo1->clip_pos.z / vo1->clip_pos.w;
+
+    setup->p2.x = hw + vo2->clip_pos.x / vo2->clip_pos.w * hw;
+    setup->p2.y = hh - vo2->clip_pos.y / vo2->clip_pos.w * hh;
+    setup->p2.z = vo2->clip_pos.z / vo2->clip_pos.w;
+
+    f32 cross = (setup->p1.x - setup->p0.x) * (setup->p2.y - setup->p0.y) -
+                (setup->p1.y - setup->p0.y) * (setup->p2.x - setup->p0.x);
+    if (!double_sided && cross >= 0.0f) return false;
+
+    const vertex_output* sorted[3] = {vo0, vo1, vo2};
+
+    if (setup->p0.y > setup->p1.y) {
+        pxl8_vec3 t = setup->p0; setup->p0 = setup->p1; setup->p1 = t;
+        const vertex_output* tv = sorted[0]; sorted[0] = sorted[1]; sorted[1] = tv;
+    }
+    if (setup->p0.y > setup->p2.y) {
+        pxl8_vec3 t = setup->p0; setup->p0 = setup->p2; setup->p2 = t;
+        const vertex_output* tv = sorted[0]; sorted[0] = sorted[2]; sorted[2] = tv;
+    }
+    if (setup->p1.y > setup->p2.y) {
+        pxl8_vec3 t = setup->p1; setup->p1 = setup->p2; setup->p2 = t;
+        const vertex_output* tv = sorted[1]; sorted[1] = sorted[2]; sorted[2] = tv;
+    }
+
+    f32 total_height = setup->p2.y - setup->p0.y;
+    if (total_height < 1.0f) return false;
+
+    i32 y0_int = (i32)floorf(setup->p0.y);
+    i32 y2_int = (i32)ceilf(setup->p2.y) - 1;
+    setup->y_start = y0_int < 0 ? 0 : y0_int;
+    setup->y_end = y2_int >= (i32)height ? (i32)height - 1 : y2_int;
+
+    setup->w_recip.x = 1.0f / sorted[0]->clip_pos.w;
+    setup->w_recip.y = 1.0f / sorted[1]->clip_pos.w;
+    setup->w_recip.z = 1.0f / sorted[2]->clip_pos.w;
+
+    setup->u_w.x = sorted[0]->u * setup->w_recip.x;
+    setup->v_w.x = sorted[0]->v * setup->w_recip.x;
+    setup->u_w.y = sorted[1]->u * setup->w_recip.y;
+    setup->v_w.y = sorted[1]->v * setup->w_recip.y;
+    setup->u_w.z = sorted[2]->u * setup->w_recip.z;
+    setup->v_w.z = sorted[2]->v * setup->w_recip.z;
+
+    setup->l_w.x = sorted[0]->light * setup->w_recip.x;
+    setup->l_w.y = sorted[1]->light * setup->w_recip.y;
+    setup->l_w.z = sorted[2]->light * setup->w_recip.z;
+
+    setup->c_w.x = (f32)sorted[0]->color * setup->w_recip.x;
+    setup->c_w.y = (f32)sorted[1]->color * setup->w_recip.y;
+    setup->c_w.z = (f32)sorted[2]->color * setup->w_recip.z;
+
+    setup->world0_w = pxl8_vec3_scale(sorted[0]->world_pos, setup->w_recip.x);
+    setup->world1_w = pxl8_vec3_scale(sorted[1]->world_pos, setup->w_recip.y);
+    setup->world2_w = pxl8_vec3_scale(sorted[2]->world_pos, setup->w_recip.z);
+
+    setup->normal = sorted[0]->normal;
+
+    setup->inv_total = 1.0f / total_height;
+    setup->target_width = width;
+    setup->target_height = height;
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static void rasterize_triangle_opaque(
+    pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu,
+    const tri_setup* setup,
+    const pxl8_atlas* textures, u32 texture_id, bool dither
+) {
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+    u32* light_accum = render_target->light_accum;
+
+    bool facing_light = false;
+    f32 light_radius_sq = 0.0f;
+    f32 light_inv_radius_sq = 0.0f;
+    pxl8_vec3 light_pos = {0};
+    if (cpu->frame.lights_count > 0) {
+        const pxl8_light* light = &cpu->frame.lights[0];
+        light_pos = light->position;
+        light_radius_sq = light->radius_sq;
+        light_inv_radius_sq = light->inv_radius_sq;
+
+        f32 avg_w = (setup->w_recip.x + setup->w_recip.y + setup->w_recip.z) / 3.0f;
+        f32 inv_w = (avg_w > 0.0001f) ? 1.0f / avg_w : 1.0f;
+        f32 cx = (setup->world0_w.x + setup->world1_w.x + setup->world2_w.x) / 3.0f * inv_w;
+        f32 cy = (setup->world0_w.y + setup->world1_w.y + setup->world2_w.y) / 3.0f * inv_w;
+        f32 cz = (setup->world0_w.z + setup->world1_w.z + setup->world2_w.z) / 3.0f * inv_w;
+        f32 to_light_x = light->position.x - cx;
+        f32 to_light_y = light->position.y - cy;
+        f32 to_light_z = light->position.z - cz;
+        f32 n_dot_l = setup->normal.x * to_light_x + setup->normal.y * to_light_y + setup->normal.z * to_light_z;
+        facing_light = n_dot_l > 0.0f;
+
+        if (facing_light && setup->normal.y > 0.9f && cpu->frame.bsp && cpu->light_leaf >= 0) {
+            pxl8_vec3 centroid = {cx, cy, cz};
+            i32 tri_leaf = pxl8_bsp_find_leaf(cpu->frame.bsp, centroid);
+            if (tri_leaf >= 0 && tri_leaf != cpu->light_leaf &&
+                !pxl8_bsp_is_leaf_visible(cpu->frame.bsp, cpu->light_leaf, tri_leaf)) {
+                facing_light = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    f32 base_light = 0.25f + cpu->frame.uniforms.ambient * (1.0f / 255.0f);
+    base_light += cpu->frame.uniforms.celestial_intensity * 0.5f;
+
+    const pxl8_atlas_entry* tex_entry = textures ? pxl8_atlas_get_entry(textures, texture_id) : NULL;
+    i32 tex_w = tex_entry ? (i32)tex_entry->w : 1;
+    i32 tex_h = tex_entry ? (i32)tex_entry->h : 1;
+    i32 tex_mask_w = tex_entry ? (i32)tex_entry->w - 1 : 0;
+    i32 tex_mask_h = tex_entry ? (i32)tex_entry->h - 1 : 0;
+    u32 tex_base = tex_entry ? tex_entry->tiled_base : 0;
+    u8 tex_log2_w = tex_entry ? tex_entry->log2_w : 0;
+    const u8* tex_pixels = textures ? pxl8_atlas_get_pixels_tiled(textures) : NULL;
+
+    for (i32 y = setup->y_start; y <= setup->y_end; y++) {
+        f32 yf = (f32)y + 0.5f;
+        f32 alpha = (yf - setup->p0.y) * setup->inv_total;
+
+        f32 ax = setup->p0.x + (setup->p2.x - setup->p0.x) * alpha;
+        f32 az = setup->p0.z + (setup->p2.z - setup->p0.z) * alpha;
+        f32 a_wr = setup->w_recip.x + (setup->w_recip.z - setup->w_recip.x) * alpha;
+        f32 a_uw = setup->u_w.x + (setup->u_w.z - setup->u_w.x) * alpha;
+        f32 a_vw = setup->v_w.x + (setup->v_w.z - setup->v_w.x) * alpha;
+        f32 a_wxw = setup->world0_w.x + (setup->world2_w.x - setup->world0_w.x) * alpha;
+        f32 a_wyw = setup->world0_w.y + (setup->world2_w.y - setup->world0_w.y) * alpha;
+        f32 a_wzw = setup->world0_w.z + (setup->world2_w.z - setup->world0_w.z) * alpha;
+
+        f32 bx, bz, b_wr, b_uw, b_vw, b_wxw, b_wyw, b_wzw;
+        bool second_half = yf > setup->p1.y || setup->p1.y == setup->p0.y;
+        f32 segment_height = second_half ? (setup->p2.y - setup->p1.y) : (setup->p1.y - setup->p0.y);
+        if (segment_height < 0.001f) segment_height = 0.001f;
+
+        f32 beta = (yf - (second_half ? setup->p1.y : setup->p0.y)) / segment_height;
+        if (beta < 0.0f) beta = 0.0f;
+        if (beta > 1.0f) beta = 1.0f;
+
+        if (second_half) {
+            bx = setup->p1.x + (setup->p2.x - setup->p1.x) * beta;
+            bz = setup->p1.z + (setup->p2.z - setup->p1.z) * beta;
+            b_wr = setup->w_recip.y + (setup->w_recip.z - setup->w_recip.y) * beta;
+            b_uw = setup->u_w.y + (setup->u_w.z - setup->u_w.y) * beta;
+            b_vw = setup->v_w.y + (setup->v_w.z - setup->v_w.y) * beta;
+            b_wxw = setup->world1_w.x + (setup->world2_w.x - setup->world1_w.x) * beta;
+            b_wyw = setup->world1_w.y + (setup->world2_w.y - setup->world1_w.y) * beta;
+            b_wzw = setup->world1_w.z + (setup->world2_w.z - setup->world1_w.z) * beta;
+        } else {
+            bx = setup->p0.x + (setup->p1.x - setup->p0.x) * beta;
+            bz = setup->p0.z + (setup->p1.z - setup->p0.z) * beta;
+            b_wr = setup->w_recip.x + (setup->w_recip.y - setup->w_recip.x) * beta;
+            b_uw = setup->u_w.x + (setup->u_w.y - setup->u_w.x) * beta;
+            b_vw = setup->v_w.x + (setup->v_w.y - setup->v_w.x) * beta;
+            b_wxw = setup->world0_w.x + (setup->world1_w.x - setup->world0_w.x) * beta;
+            b_wyw = setup->world0_w.y + (setup->world1_w.y - setup->world0_w.y) * beta;
+            b_wzw = setup->world0_w.z + (setup->world1_w.z - setup->world0_w.z) * beta;
+        }
+
+        f32 x_start_fp, x_end_fp, z_start, z_end;
+        f32 wr_start, wr_end, uw_start, uw_end, vw_start, vw_end;
+        f32 wxw_start, wxw_end, wyw_start, wyw_end, wzw_start, wzw_end;
+
+        if (ax <= bx) {
+            x_start_fp = ax; x_end_fp = bx; z_start = az; z_end = bz;
+            wr_start = a_wr; wr_end = b_wr;
+            uw_start = a_uw; uw_end = b_uw;
+            vw_start = a_vw; vw_end = b_vw;
+            wxw_start = a_wxw; wxw_end = b_wxw;
+            wyw_start = a_wyw; wyw_end = b_wyw;
+            wzw_start = a_wzw; wzw_end = b_wzw;
+        } else {
+            x_start_fp = bx; x_end_fp = ax; z_start = bz; z_end = az;
+            wr_start = b_wr; wr_end = a_wr;
+            uw_start = b_uw; uw_end = a_uw;
+            vw_start = b_vw; vw_end = a_vw;
+            wxw_start = b_wxw; wxw_end = a_wxw;
+            wyw_start = b_wyw; wyw_end = a_wyw;
+            wzw_start = b_wzw; wzw_end = a_wzw;
+        }
+
+        i32 x_start = (i32)floorf(x_start_fp);
+        i32 x_end = (i32)ceilf(x_end_fp) - 1;
+        if (x_start < 0) x_start = 0;
+        if (x_end >= (i32)setup->target_width) x_end = (i32)setup->target_width - 1;
+        if (x_start > x_end) continue;
+
+        f32 span_width = x_end_fp - x_start_fp;
+        if (span_width < 1.0f) span_width = 1.0f;
+        f32 inv_width = 1.0f / span_width;
+
+        f32 dz = (z_end - z_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dwr = (wr_end - wr_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 duw = (uw_end - uw_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dvw = (vw_end - vw_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dwxw = (wxw_end - wxw_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dwyw = (wyw_end - wyw_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dwzw = (wzw_end - wzw_start) * inv_width;
+
+        f32 skip = (f32)x_start + 0.5f - x_start_fp;
+        f32 z = z_start + dz * skip;
+        f32 wr = wr_start + dwr * skip;
+        f32 uw = uw_start + duw * skip;
+        f32 vw = vw_start + dvw * skip;
+        f32 wxw = wxw_start + dwxw * skip;
+        f32 wyw = wyw_start + dwyw * skip;
+        f32 wzw = wzw_start + dwzw * skip;
+
+        u32 row_start = (u32)y * render_target->width;
+        u8* prow = render_target->framebuffer + row_start;
+        u16* zrow = render_target->zbuffer + row_start;
+
+        const i32 SUBDIV = 16;
+        i32 x = x_start;
+
+        while (x <= x_end) {
+            i32 span_end = x + SUBDIV - 1;
+            if (span_end > x_end) span_end = x_end;
+            i32 span_len = span_end - x + 1;
+
+            f32 pw_start = 1.0f / wr;
+            f32 pw_end = 1.0f / (wr + dwr * (f32)span_len);
+
+            f32 u_start = uw * pw_start;
+            f32 v_start = vw * pw_start;
+            f32 u_end = (uw + duw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
+            f32 v_end = (vw + dvw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
+
+            f32 wx_start = wxw * pw_start;
+            f32 wy_start = wyw * pw_start;
+            f32 wz_start = wzw * pw_start;
+            f32 wx_end = (wxw + dwxw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
+            f32 wy_end = (wyw + dwyw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
+            f32 wz_end = (wzw + dwzw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
+
+            f32 l_start = base_light;
+            f32 l_end = base_light;
+            f32 tint_start = 0.0f;
+            f32 tint_end = 0.0f;
+
+            if (facing_light && cpu->frame.lights_count > 0) {
+                f32 dx_s = light_pos.x - wx_start;
+                f32 dy_s = light_pos.y - wy_start;
+                f32 dz_s = light_pos.z - wz_start;
+                f32 dist_sq_s = dx_s * dx_s + dy_s * dy_s + dz_s * dz_s;
+                if (dist_sq_s < light_radius_sq) {
+                    f32 falloff = 1.0f - dist_sq_s * light_inv_radius_sq;
+                    l_start += falloff;
+                    tint_start = falloff;
+                }
+
+                f32 dx_e = light_pos.x - wx_end;
+                f32 dy_e = light_pos.y - wy_end;
+                f32 dz_e = light_pos.z - wz_end;
+                f32 dist_sq_e = dx_e * dx_e + dy_e * dy_e + dz_e * dz_e;
+                if (dist_sq_e < light_radius_sq) {
+                    f32 falloff = 1.0f - dist_sq_e * light_inv_radius_sq;
+                    l_end += falloff;
+                    tint_end = falloff;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (l_start > 1.0f) l_start = 1.0f;
+            if (l_end > 1.0f) l_end = 1.0f;
+            l_start *= 255.0f;
+            l_end *= 255.0f;
+
+            f32 inv_span = span_len > 1 ? 1.0f / (f32)(span_len - 1) : 0.0f;
+            f32 du = (u_end - u_start) * inv_span;
+            f32 dv = (v_end - v_start) * inv_span;
+            f32 dl = (l_end - l_start) * inv_span;
+            f32 dt = (tint_end - tint_start) * inv_span;
+
+            i32 u_fixed = (i32)(u_start * (f32)tex_w * 65536.0f);
+            i32 v_fixed = (i32)(v_start * (f32)tex_h * 65536.0f);
+            i32 du_fixed = (i32)(du * (f32)tex_w * 65536.0f);
+            i32 dv_fixed = (i32)(dv * (f32)tex_h * 65536.0f);
+
+            f32 l_a = l_start;
+            f32 t_a = tint_start;
+            f32 z_a = z;
+
+            for (i32 px = x; px <= span_end; px++) {
+                f32 depth_norm = (z_a + 1.0f) * 0.5f;
+                if (depth_norm < 0.0f) depth_norm = 0.0f;
+                if (depth_norm > 1.0f) depth_norm = 1.0f;
+                u16 z16 = (u16)(depth_norm * 65535.0f);
+                if (z16 < zrow[px]) {
+                    i32 tx = (u_fixed >> 16) & tex_mask_w;
+                    i32 ty = (v_fixed >> 16) & tex_mask_h;
+                    u8 tex_idx = tex_pixels ? tex_pixels[tex_base + pxl8_tile_addr((u32)tx, (u32)ty, tex_log2_w)] : 1;
+
+                    if (tex_idx != 0) {
+                        u8 light = (u8)l_a;
+                        if (dither) {
+                            light = pxl8_dither_light(light, (u32)px, (u32)y);
+                        }
+                        u8 pal_idx = cpu->colormap ? pxl8_colormap_lookup(cpu->colormap, tex_idx, PXL8_LIGHT_WHITE, light) : tex_idx;
+                        prow[px] = pal_idx;
+                        zrow[px] = z16;
+                        if (light_accum && t_a > 0.01f) {
+                            u32 alpha = (u32)(t_a * 255.0f);
+                            if (alpha > 255) alpha = 255;
+                            u32 tint = (cpu->light_tint & 0x00FFFFFF) | (alpha << 24);
+                            light_accum[row_start + (u32)px] = tint;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                u_fixed += du_fixed;
+                v_fixed += dv_fixed;
+                l_a += dl;
+                t_a += dt;
+                z_a += dz;
+            }
+
+            wr += dwr * (f32)span_len;
+            uw += duw * (f32)span_len;
+            vw += dvw * (f32)span_len;
+            wxw += dwxw * (f32)span_len;
+            wyw += dwyw * (f32)span_len;
+            wzw += dwzw * (f32)span_len;
+            z += dz * (f32)span_len;
+            x = span_end + 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void rasterize_triangle_passthrough(
+    pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu,
+    const tri_setup* setup
+) {
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+
+    for (i32 y = setup->y_start; y <= setup->y_end; y++) {
+        f32 yf = (f32)y + 0.5f;
+        f32 alpha = (yf - setup->p0.y) * setup->inv_total;
+
+        f32 ax = setup->p0.x + (setup->p2.x - setup->p0.x) * alpha;
+        f32 az = setup->p0.z + (setup->p2.z - setup->p0.z) * alpha;
+        f32 a_wr = setup->w_recip.x + (setup->w_recip.z - setup->w_recip.x) * alpha;
+        f32 a_cw = setup->c_w.x + (setup->c_w.z - setup->c_w.x) * alpha;
+
+        f32 bx, bz, b_wr, b_cw;
+        bool second_half = yf > setup->p1.y || setup->p1.y == setup->p0.y;
+        f32 segment_height = second_half ? (setup->p2.y - setup->p1.y) : (setup->p1.y - setup->p0.y);
+        if (segment_height < 0.001f) segment_height = 0.001f;
+
+        f32 beta = (yf - (second_half ? setup->p1.y : setup->p0.y)) / segment_height;
+        if (beta < 0.0f) beta = 0.0f;
+        if (beta > 1.0f) beta = 1.0f;
+
+        if (second_half) {
+            bx = setup->p1.x + (setup->p2.x - setup->p1.x) * beta;
+            bz = setup->p1.z + (setup->p2.z - setup->p1.z) * beta;
+            b_wr = setup->w_recip.y + (setup->w_recip.z - setup->w_recip.y) * beta;
+            b_cw = setup->c_w.y + (setup->c_w.z - setup->c_w.y) * beta;
+        } else {
+            bx = setup->p0.x + (setup->p1.x - setup->p0.x) * beta;
+            bz = setup->p0.z + (setup->p1.z - setup->p0.z) * beta;
+            b_wr = setup->w_recip.x + (setup->w_recip.y - setup->w_recip.x) * beta;
+            b_cw = setup->c_w.x + (setup->c_w.y - setup->c_w.x) * beta;
+        }
+
+        f32 x_start_fp, x_end_fp, z_start, z_end, wr_start, wr_end, cw_start, cw_end;
+        if (ax <= bx) {
+            x_start_fp = ax; x_end_fp = bx;
+            z_start = az; z_end = bz;
+            wr_start = a_wr; wr_end = b_wr;
+            cw_start = a_cw; cw_end = b_cw;
+        } else {
+            x_start_fp = bx; x_end_fp = ax;
+            z_start = bz; z_end = az;
+            wr_start = b_wr; wr_end = a_wr;
+            cw_start = b_cw; cw_end = a_cw;
+        }
+
+        i32 x_start = (i32)floorf(x_start_fp);
+        i32 x_end = (i32)ceilf(x_end_fp) - 1;
+        if (x_start < 0) x_start = 0;
+        if (x_end >= (i32)setup->target_width) x_end = (i32)setup->target_width - 1;
+        if (x_start > x_end) continue;
+
+        f32 span_width = x_end_fp - x_start_fp;
+        if (span_width < 1.0f) span_width = 1.0f;
+        f32 inv_width = 1.0f / span_width;
+
+        f32 dz = (z_end - z_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dwr = (wr_end - wr_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dcw = (cw_end - cw_start) * inv_width;
+
+        f32 skip = (f32)x_start + 0.5f - x_start_fp;
+        f32 z = z_start + dz * skip;
+        f32 wr = wr_start + dwr * skip;
+        f32 cw = cw_start + dcw * skip;
+
+        u32 row_start = (u32)y * render_target->width;
+        u8* prow = render_target->framebuffer + row_start;
+        u16* zrow = render_target->zbuffer + row_start;
+
+        for (i32 px = x_start; px <= x_end; px++) {
+            f32 depth_norm = (z + 1.0f) * 0.5f;
+            if (depth_norm < 0.0f) depth_norm = 0.0f;
+            if (depth_norm > 1.0f) depth_norm = 1.0f;
+            u16 z16 = (u16)(depth_norm * 65535.0f);
+            if (z16 < zrow[px]) {
+                f32 w = 1.0f / wr;
+                f32 color_fp = cw * w;
+                u8 color = pxl8_dither_float(color_fp, (u32)px, (u32)y);
+                prow[px] = color;
+                zrow[px] = z16;
+            }
+            z += dz;
+            wr += dwr;
+            cw += dcw;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void rasterize_triangle_alpha(
+    pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu,
+    const tri_setup* setup,
+    const pxl8_atlas* textures, u32 texture_id, u8 mat_alpha, bool dither
+) {
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+    u32* light_accum = render_target->light_accum;
+
+    bool facing_light = false;
+    f32 light_radius_sq = 0.0f;
+    f32 light_inv_radius_sq = 0.0f;
+    pxl8_vec3 light_pos = {0};
+    if (cpu->frame.lights_count > 0) {
+        const pxl8_light* light = &cpu->frame.lights[0];
+        light_pos = light->position;
+        light_radius_sq = light->radius_sq;
+        light_inv_radius_sq = light->inv_radius_sq;
+
+        f32 avg_w = (setup->w_recip.x + setup->w_recip.y + setup->w_recip.z) / 3.0f;
+        f32 inv_w = (avg_w > 0.0001f) ? 1.0f / avg_w : 1.0f;
+        f32 cx = (setup->world0_w.x + setup->world1_w.x + setup->world2_w.x) / 3.0f * inv_w;
+        f32 cy = (setup->world0_w.y + setup->world1_w.y + setup->world2_w.y) / 3.0f * inv_w;
+        f32 cz = (setup->world0_w.z + setup->world1_w.z + setup->world2_w.z) / 3.0f * inv_w;
+        f32 to_light_x = light->position.x - cx;
+        f32 to_light_y = light->position.y - cy;
+        f32 to_light_z = light->position.z - cz;
+        f32 n_dot_l = setup->normal.x * to_light_x + setup->normal.y * to_light_y + setup->normal.z * to_light_z;
+        facing_light = n_dot_l > 0.0f;
+
+        if (facing_light && setup->normal.y > 0.9f && cpu->frame.bsp && cpu->light_leaf >= 0) {
+            pxl8_vec3 centroid = {cx, cy, cz};
+            i32 tri_leaf = pxl8_bsp_find_leaf(cpu->frame.bsp, centroid);
+            if (tri_leaf >= 0 && tri_leaf != cpu->light_leaf &&
+                !pxl8_bsp_is_leaf_visible(cpu->frame.bsp, cpu->light_leaf, tri_leaf)) {
+                facing_light = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    f32 base_light = 0.25f + cpu->frame.uniforms.ambient * (1.0f / 255.0f);
+    base_light += cpu->frame.uniforms.celestial_intensity * 0.5f;
+
+    const pxl8_atlas_entry* tex_entry = textures ? pxl8_atlas_get_entry(textures, texture_id) : NULL;
+    u32 atlas_width = textures ? pxl8_atlas_get_width(textures) : 1;
+    i32 tex_w = tex_entry ? (i32)tex_entry->w : 1;
+    i32 tex_h = tex_entry ? (i32)tex_entry->h : 1;
+    i32 tex_stride = (i32)atlas_width;
+    i32 tex_mask_w = tex_entry ? (i32)tex_entry->w - 1 : 0;
+    i32 tex_mask_h = tex_entry ? (i32)tex_entry->h - 1 : 0;
+    u32 tex_base = tex_entry ? (u32)tex_entry->y * atlas_width + (u32)tex_entry->x : 0;
+    const u8* tex_pixels = textures ? pxl8_atlas_get_pixels(textures) : NULL;
+
+    for (i32 y = setup->y_start; y <= setup->y_end; y++) {
+        f32 yf = (f32)y + 0.5f;
+        f32 alpha = (yf - setup->p0.y) * setup->inv_total;
+
+        f32 ax = setup->p0.x + (setup->p2.x - setup->p0.x) * alpha;
+        f32 az = setup->p0.z + (setup->p2.z - setup->p0.z) * alpha;
+        f32 a_wr = setup->w_recip.x + (setup->w_recip.z - setup->w_recip.x) * alpha;
+        f32 a_uw = setup->u_w.x + (setup->u_w.z - setup->u_w.x) * alpha;
+        f32 a_vw = setup->v_w.x + (setup->v_w.z - setup->v_w.x) * alpha;
+        f32 a_wxw = setup->world0_w.x + (setup->world2_w.x - setup->world0_w.x) * alpha;
+        f32 a_wyw = setup->world0_w.y + (setup->world2_w.y - setup->world0_w.y) * alpha;
+        f32 a_wzw = setup->world0_w.z + (setup->world2_w.z - setup->world0_w.z) * alpha;
+
+        f32 bx, bz, b_wr, b_uw, b_vw, b_wxw, b_wyw, b_wzw;
+        bool second_half = yf > setup->p1.y || setup->p1.y == setup->p0.y;
+        f32 segment_height = second_half ? (setup->p2.y - setup->p1.y) : (setup->p1.y - setup->p0.y);
+        if (segment_height < 0.001f) segment_height = 0.001f;
+
+        f32 beta = (yf - (second_half ? setup->p1.y : setup->p0.y)) / segment_height;
+        if (beta < 0.0f) beta = 0.0f;
+        if (beta > 1.0f) beta = 1.0f;
+
+        if (second_half) {
+            bx = setup->p1.x + (setup->p2.x - setup->p1.x) * beta;
+            bz = setup->p1.z + (setup->p2.z - setup->p1.z) * beta;
+            b_wr = setup->w_recip.y + (setup->w_recip.z - setup->w_recip.y) * beta;
+            b_uw = setup->u_w.y + (setup->u_w.z - setup->u_w.y) * beta;
+            b_vw = setup->v_w.y + (setup->v_w.z - setup->v_w.y) * beta;
+            b_wxw = setup->world1_w.x + (setup->world2_w.x - setup->world1_w.x) * beta;
+            b_wyw = setup->world1_w.y + (setup->world2_w.y - setup->world1_w.y) * beta;
+            b_wzw = setup->world1_w.z + (setup->world2_w.z - setup->world1_w.z) * beta;
+        } else {
+            bx = setup->p0.x + (setup->p1.x - setup->p0.x) * beta;
+            bz = setup->p0.z + (setup->p1.z - setup->p0.z) * beta;
+            b_wr = setup->w_recip.x + (setup->w_recip.y - setup->w_recip.x) * beta;
+            b_uw = setup->u_w.x + (setup->u_w.y - setup->u_w.x) * beta;
+            b_vw = setup->v_w.x + (setup->v_w.y - setup->v_w.x) * beta;
+            b_wxw = setup->world0_w.x + (setup->world1_w.x - setup->world0_w.x) * beta;
+            b_wyw = setup->world0_w.y + (setup->world1_w.y - setup->world0_w.y) * beta;
+            b_wzw = setup->world0_w.z + (setup->world1_w.z - setup->world0_w.z) * beta;
+        }
+
+        f32 x_start_fp, x_end_fp, z_start, z_end;
+        f32 wr_start, wr_end, uw_start, uw_end, vw_start, vw_end;
+        f32 wxw_start, wxw_end, wyw_start, wyw_end, wzw_start, wzw_end;
+
+        if (ax <= bx) {
+            x_start_fp = ax; x_end_fp = bx; z_start = az; z_end = bz;
+            wr_start = a_wr; wr_end = b_wr;
+            uw_start = a_uw; uw_end = b_uw;
+            vw_start = a_vw; vw_end = b_vw;
+            wxw_start = a_wxw; wxw_end = b_wxw;
+            wyw_start = a_wyw; wyw_end = b_wyw;
+            wzw_start = a_wzw; wzw_end = b_wzw;
+        } else {
+            x_start_fp = bx; x_end_fp = ax; z_start = bz; z_end = az;
+            wr_start = b_wr; wr_end = a_wr;
+            uw_start = b_uw; uw_end = a_uw;
+            vw_start = b_vw; vw_end = a_vw;
+            wxw_start = b_wxw; wxw_end = a_wxw;
+            wyw_start = b_wyw; wyw_end = a_wyw;
+            wzw_start = b_wzw; wzw_end = a_wzw;
+        }
+
+        i32 x_start = (i32)floorf(x_start_fp);
+        i32 x_end = (i32)ceilf(x_end_fp) - 1;
+        if (x_start < 0) x_start = 0;
+        if (x_end >= (i32)setup->target_width) x_end = (i32)setup->target_width - 1;
+        if (x_start > x_end) continue;
+
+        f32 span_width = x_end_fp - x_start_fp;
+        if (span_width < 1.0f) span_width = 1.0f;
+        f32 inv_width = 1.0f / span_width;
+
+        f32 dz = (z_end - z_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dwr = (wr_end - wr_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 duw = (uw_end - uw_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dvw = (vw_end - vw_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dwxw = (wxw_end - wxw_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dwyw = (wyw_end - wyw_start) * inv_width;
+        f32 dwzw = (wzw_end - wzw_start) * inv_width;
+
+        f32 skip = (f32)x_start + 0.5f - x_start_fp;
+        f32 z = z_start + dz * skip;
+        f32 wr = wr_start + dwr * skip;
+        f32 uw = uw_start + duw * skip;
+        f32 vw = vw_start + dvw * skip;
+        f32 wxw = wxw_start + dwxw * skip;
+        f32 wyw = wyw_start + dwyw * skip;
+        f32 wzw = wzw_start + dwzw * skip;
+
+        u32 row_start = (u32)y * render_target->width;
+        u8* prow = render_target->framebuffer + row_start;
+        u16* zrow = render_target->zbuffer + row_start;
+
+        const i32 SUBDIV = 16;
+        i32 x = x_start;
+
+        while (x <= x_end) {
+            i32 span_end = x + SUBDIV - 1;
+            if (span_end > x_end) span_end = x_end;
+            i32 span_len = span_end - x + 1;
+
+            f32 pw_start = 1.0f / wr;
+            f32 pw_end = 1.0f / (wr + dwr * (f32)span_len);
+
+            f32 u_start = uw * pw_start;
+            f32 v_start = vw * pw_start;
+            f32 u_end = (uw + duw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
+            f32 v_end = (vw + dvw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
+
+            f32 wx_start = wxw * pw_start;
+            f32 wy_start = wyw * pw_start;
+            f32 wz_start = wzw * pw_start;
+            f32 wx_end = (wxw + dwxw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
+            f32 wy_end = (wyw + dwyw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
+            f32 wz_end = (wzw + dwzw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
+
+            f32 l_start = base_light;
+            f32 l_end = base_light;
+            f32 tint_start = 0.0f;
+            f32 tint_end = 0.0f;
+
+            if (facing_light && cpu->frame.lights_count > 0) {
+                f32 dx_s = light_pos.x - wx_start;
+                f32 dy_s = light_pos.y - wy_start;
+                f32 dz_s = light_pos.z - wz_start;
+                f32 dist_sq_s = dx_s * dx_s + dy_s * dy_s + dz_s * dz_s;
+                if (dist_sq_s < light_radius_sq) {
+                    f32 falloff = 1.0f - dist_sq_s * light_inv_radius_sq;
+                    l_start += falloff;
+                    tint_start = falloff;
+                }
+
+                f32 dx_e = light_pos.x - wx_end;
+                f32 dy_e = light_pos.y - wy_end;
+                f32 dz_e = light_pos.z - wz_end;
+                f32 dist_sq_e = dx_e * dx_e + dy_e * dy_e + dz_e * dz_e;
+                if (dist_sq_e < light_radius_sq) {
+                    f32 falloff = 1.0f - dist_sq_e * light_inv_radius_sq;
+                    l_end += falloff;
+                    tint_end = falloff;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (l_start > 1.0f) l_start = 1.0f;
+            if (l_end > 1.0f) l_end = 1.0f;
+            l_start *= 255.0f;
+            l_end *= 255.0f;
+
+            f32 inv_span = span_len > 1 ? 1.0f / (f32)(span_len - 1) : 0.0f;
+            f32 du = (u_end - u_start) * inv_span;
+            f32 dv = (v_end - v_start) * inv_span;
+            f32 dl = (l_end - l_start) * inv_span;
+            f32 dt = (tint_end - tint_start) * inv_span;
+
+            i32 u_fixed = (i32)(u_start * (f32)tex_w * 65536.0f);
+            i32 v_fixed = (i32)(v_start * (f32)tex_h * 65536.0f);
+            i32 du_fixed = (i32)(du * (f32)tex_w * 65536.0f);
+            i32 dv_fixed = (i32)(dv * (f32)tex_h * 65536.0f);
+
+            f32 l_a = l_start;
+            f32 t_a = tint_start;
+            f32 z_a = z;
+
+            for (i32 px = x; px <= span_end; px++) {
+                i32 tx = (u_fixed >> 16) & tex_mask_w;
+                i32 ty = (v_fixed >> 16) & tex_mask_h;
+                u8 tex_idx = tex_pixels ? tex_pixels[tex_base + (u32)ty * (u32)tex_stride + (u32)tx] : 1;
+
+                if (tex_idx != 0) {
+                    u8 light = (u8)l_a;
+                    if (dither) {
+                        light = pxl8_dither_light(light, (u32)px, (u32)y);
+                    }
+                    u8 src_idx = cpu->colormap ? pxl8_colormap_lookup(cpu->colormap, tex_idx, PXL8_LIGHT_WHITE, light) : tex_idx;
+
+                    if (mat_alpha >= 128) {
+                        prow[px] = src_idx;
+                        f32 depth_norm = (z_a + 1.0f) * 0.5f;
+                        if (depth_norm < 0.0f) depth_norm = 0.0f;
+                        if (depth_norm > 1.0f) depth_norm = 1.0f;
+                        u16 z16 = (u16)(depth_norm * 65535.0f);
+                        if (z16 < zrow[px]) zrow[px] = z16;
+                        if (light_accum && t_a > 0.01f) {
+                            u32 alpha = (u32)(t_a * 255.0f);
+                            if (alpha > 255) alpha = 255;
+                            u32 tint = (cpu->light_tint & 0x00FFFFFF) | (alpha << 24);
+                            light_accum[row_start + (u32)px] = tint;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                u_fixed += du_fixed;
+                v_fixed += dv_fixed;
+                l_a += dl;
+                t_a += dt;
+                z_a += dz;
+            }
+
+            wr += dwr * (f32)span_len;
+            uw += duw * (f32)span_len;
+            vw += dvw * (f32)span_len;
+            wxw += dwxw * (f32)span_len;
+            wyw += dwyw * (f32)span_len;
+            wzw += dwzw * (f32)span_len;
+            z += dz * (f32)span_len;
+            x = span_end + 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void rasterize_triangle_wireframe(
+    pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu,
+    const vertex_output* vo0, const vertex_output* vo1, const vertex_output* vo2,
+    u8 color, bool double_sided
+) {
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+    f32 hw = (f32)render_target->width * 0.5f;
+    f32 hh = (f32)render_target->height * 0.5f;
+
+    i32 x0 = (i32)(hw + vo0->clip_pos.x / vo0->clip_pos.w * hw);
+    i32 y0 = (i32)(hh - vo0->clip_pos.y / vo0->clip_pos.w * hh);
+    i32 x1 = (i32)(hw + vo1->clip_pos.x / vo1->clip_pos.w * hw);
+    i32 y1 = (i32)(hh - vo1->clip_pos.y / vo1->clip_pos.w * hh);
+    i32 x2 = (i32)(hw + vo2->clip_pos.x / vo2->clip_pos.w * hw);
+    i32 y2 = (i32)(hh - vo2->clip_pos.y / vo2->clip_pos.w * hh);
+
+    if (!double_sided) {
+        i32 cross = (x1 - x0) * (y2 - y0) - (y1 - y0) * (x2 - x0);
+        if (cross >= 0) return;
+    }
+
+    pxl8_cpu_draw_line_2d(cpu, x0, y0, x1, y1, color);
+    pxl8_cpu_draw_line_2d(cpu, x1, y1, x2, y2, color);
+    pxl8_cpu_draw_line_2d(cpu, x2, y2, x0, y0, color);
+}
+
+static void dispatch_triangle(
+    pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu,
+    const vertex_output* vo0, const vertex_output* vo1, const vertex_output* vo2,
+    const pxl8_atlas* textures, const pxl8_gfx_material* material
+) {
+    if (material->wireframe) {
+        rasterize_triangle_wireframe(cpu, vo0, vo1, vo2, 15, material->double_sided);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = cpu->current_target;
+    tri_setup setup;
+    if (!setup_triangle(&setup, vo0, vo1, vo2, render_target->width, render_target->height, material->double_sided)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    bool alpha_blend = material->alpha < 255;
+    bool passthrough = material->vertex_color_passthrough;
+
+    if (alpha_blend) {
+        rasterize_triangle_alpha(cpu, &setup, textures, material->texture_id, material->alpha, material->dither);
+    } else if (passthrough) {
+        rasterize_triangle_passthrough(cpu, &setup);
+    } else {
+        rasterize_triangle_opaque(cpu, &setup, textures, material->texture_id, material->dither);
+    }
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_mesh(
+    pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu,
+    const pxl8_mesh* mesh,
+    const pxl8_mat4* model,
+    const pxl8_gfx_material* material,
+    const pxl8_atlas* textures
+) {
+    if (!cpu || !mesh || !model || !material || mesh->index_count < 3 || !cpu->current_target) return;
+
+    pxl8_mat4 mv = pxl8_mat4_multiply(cpu->frame.view, *model);
+    pxl8_mat4 mvp = pxl8_mat4_multiply(cpu->frame.projection, mv);
+
+    f32 near = cpu->frame.near_clip > 0.0f ? cpu->frame.near_clip : 0.1f;
+
+    for (u32 i = 0; i < mesh->index_count; i += 3) {
+        u16 i0 = mesh->indices[i];
+        u16 i1 = mesh->indices[i + 1];
+        u16 i2 = mesh->indices[i + 2];
+
+        const pxl8_vertex* v0 = &mesh->vertices[i0];
+        const pxl8_vertex* v1 = &mesh->vertices[i1];
+        const pxl8_vertex* v2 = &mesh->vertices[i2];
+
+        vertex_output vo0, vo1, vo2;
+
+        pxl8_vec4 p0 = {v0->position.x, v0->position.y, v0->position.z, 1.0f};
+        pxl8_vec4 p1 = {v1->position.x, v1->position.y, v1->position.z, 1.0f};
+        pxl8_vec4 p2 = {v2->position.x, v2->position.y, v2->position.z, 1.0f};
+
+        vo0.clip_pos = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(mvp, p0);
+        vo1.clip_pos = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(mvp, p1);
+        vo2.clip_pos = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(mvp, p2);
+
+        pxl8_vec4 w0 = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(*model, p0);
+        pxl8_vec4 w1 = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(*model, p1);
+        pxl8_vec4 w2 = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(*model, p2);
+        vo0.world_pos = (pxl8_vec3){w0.x, w0.y, w0.z};
+        vo1.world_pos = (pxl8_vec3){w1.x, w1.y, w1.z};
+        vo2.world_pos = (pxl8_vec3){w2.x, w2.y, w2.z};
+
+        vo0.normal = v0->normal;
+        vo1.normal = v1->normal;
+        vo2.normal = v2->normal;
+
+        vo0.u = v0->u; vo0.v = v0->v;
+        vo1.u = v1->u; vo1.v = v1->v;
+        vo2.u = v2->u; vo2.v = v2->v;
+
+        vo0.color = v0->color;
+        vo1.color = v1->color;
+        vo2.color = v2->color;
+
+        if (material->dynamic_lighting) {
+            pxl8_vec3 n0 = pxl8_vec3_normalize(pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec3(*model, v0->normal));
+            pxl8_vec3 n1 = pxl8_vec3_normalize(pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec3(*model, v1->normal));
+            pxl8_vec3 n2 = pxl8_vec3_normalize(pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec3(*model, v2->normal));
+
+            pxl8_light_result lr0 = calc_vertex_light(vo0.world_pos, n0, &cpu->frame);
+            pxl8_light_result lr1 = calc_vertex_light(vo1.world_pos, n1, &cpu->frame);
+            pxl8_light_result lr2 = calc_vertex_light(vo2.world_pos, n2, &cpu->frame);
+
+            vo0.light = lr0.light;
+            vo1.light = lr1.light;
+            vo2.light = lr2.light;
+        } else {
+            vo0.light = 255;
+            vo1.light = 255;
+            vo2.light = 255;
+        }
+
+        vertex_output clipped[6];
+        i32 clipped_count = clip_triangle_near(&vo0, &vo1, &vo2, near, clipped);
+
+        for (i32 t = 0; t < clipped_count; t += 3) {
+            dispatch_triangle(cpu, &clipped[t], &clipped[t+1], &clipped[t+2], textures, material);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+u8* pxl8_cpu_get_framebuffer(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    if (!cpu || cpu->target_stack_depth == 0) return NULL;
+    return cpu->target_stack[0]->framebuffer;
+}
+
+u32* pxl8_cpu_get_light_accum(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    if (!cpu || cpu->target_stack_depth == 0) return NULL;
+    return cpu->target_stack[0]->light_accum;
+}
+
+u16* pxl8_cpu_get_zbuffer(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    if (!cpu || cpu->target_stack_depth == 0) return NULL;
+    return cpu->target_stack[0]->zbuffer;
+}
+
+u32 pxl8_cpu_get_height(const pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    if (!cpu || cpu->target_stack_depth == 0) return 0;
+    return cpu->target_stack[0]->height;
+}
+
+u32 pxl8_cpu_get_width(const pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    if (!cpu || cpu->target_stack_depth == 0) return 0;
+    return cpu->target_stack[0]->width;
+}
+
+pxl8_cpu_render_target* pxl8_cpu_create_render_target(const pxl8_cpu_render_target_desc* desc) {
+    if (!desc) return NULL;
+
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* target = pxl8_calloc(1, sizeof(pxl8_cpu_render_target));
+    if (!target) return NULL;
+
+    u32 size = desc->width * desc->height;
+    target->width = desc->width;
+    target->height = desc->height;
+    target->framebuffer = pxl8_calloc(size, sizeof(u8));
+    if (!target->framebuffer) {
+        pxl8_free(target);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (desc->with_depth) {
+        target->zbuffer = pxl8_calloc(size, sizeof(u16));
+        if (!target->zbuffer) {
+            pxl8_free(target->framebuffer);
+            pxl8_free(target);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (desc->with_lighting) {
+        target->light_accum = pxl8_calloc(size, sizeof(u32));
+        if (!target->light_accum) {
+            pxl8_free(target->zbuffer);
+            pxl8_free(target->framebuffer);
+            pxl8_free(target);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return target;
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_destroy_render_target(pxl8_cpu_render_target* target) {
+    if (!target) return;
+    pxl8_free(target->light_accum);
+    pxl8_free(target->zbuffer);
+    pxl8_free(target->framebuffer);
+    pxl8_free(target);
+}
+
+pxl8_cpu_render_target* pxl8_cpu_get_target(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    return cpu ? cpu->current_target : NULL;
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_set_target(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, pxl8_cpu_render_target* target) {
+    if (!cpu || !target) return;
+    cpu->current_target = target;
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_blit(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, pxl8_cpu_render_target* src, i32 x, i32 y, u8 transparent_idx) {
+    if (!cpu || !cpu->current_target || !src || !src->framebuffer) return;
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* dst = cpu->current_target;
+
+    i32 src_x0 = 0, src_y0 = 0;
+    i32 dst_x0 = x, dst_y0 = y;
+    i32 copy_w = (i32)src->width;
+    i32 copy_h = (i32)src->height;
+
+    if (dst_x0 < 0) { src_x0 = -dst_x0; copy_w += dst_x0; dst_x0 = 0; }
+    if (dst_y0 < 0) { src_y0 = -dst_y0; copy_h += dst_y0; dst_y0 = 0; }
+    if (dst_x0 + copy_w > (i32)dst->width) copy_w = (i32)dst->width - dst_x0;
+    if (dst_y0 + copy_h > (i32)dst->height) copy_h = (i32)dst->height - dst_y0;
+
+    if (copy_w <= 0 || copy_h <= 0) return;
+
+    for (i32 row = 0; row < copy_h; row++) {
+        u8* src_row = src->framebuffer + (src_y0 + row) * src->width + src_x0;
+        u8* dst_row = dst->framebuffer + (dst_y0 + row) * dst->width + dst_x0;
+        u32* light_row = dst->light_accum ? dst->light_accum + (dst_y0 + row) * dst->width + dst_x0 : NULL;
+        for (i32 col = 0; col < copy_w; col++) {
+            u8 pixel = src_row[col];
+            if (pixel != transparent_idx) {
+                dst_row[col] = pixel;
+                if (light_row) light_row[col] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool pxl8_cpu_push_target(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    if (!cpu || cpu->target_stack_depth >= PXL8_MAX_TARGET_STACK) return false;
+
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* base = cpu->target_stack[0];
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target_desc desc = {
+        .width = base->width,
+        .height = base->height,
+        .with_depth = false,
+        .with_lighting = false,
+    };
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* target = pxl8_cpu_create_render_target(&desc);
+    if (!target) return false;
+
+    cpu->target_stack[cpu->target_stack_depth++] = target;
+    cpu->current_target = target;
+    return true;
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_pop_target(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    if (!cpu || cpu->target_stack_depth <= 1) return;
+
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* popped = cpu->target_stack[--cpu->target_stack_depth];
+    cpu->current_target = cpu->target_stack[cpu->target_stack_depth - 1];
+
+    pxl8_cpu_blit(cpu, popped, 0, 0, 0);
+    pxl8_cpu_destroy_render_target(popped);
+}
+
+u32 pxl8_cpu_get_target_depth(const pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    return cpu ? cpu->target_stack_depth : 0;
+}
+
+u8* pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_framebuffer(pxl8_cpu_render_target* target) {
+    return target ? target->framebuffer : NULL;
+}
+
+u32 pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_height(const pxl8_cpu_render_target* target) {
+    return target ? target->height : 0;
+}
+
+u32 pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_width(const pxl8_cpu_render_target* target) {
+    return target ? target->width : 0;
+}
+
+u32* pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_light_accum(pxl8_cpu_render_target* target) {
+    return target ? target->light_accum : NULL;
+}
+
+u32* pxl8_cpu_get_output(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    return cpu ? cpu->output : NULL;
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_render_glows(
+    pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu,
+    const pxl8_glow* glows,
+    u32 glow_count
+) {
+    if (!cpu || cpu->target_stack_depth == 0) return;
+
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* target = cpu->target_stack[cpu->target_stack_depth - 1];
+    if (!target || !target->framebuffer) return;
+
+    u32 width = target->width;
+    u32 height = target->height;
+    u8* pixels = target->framebuffer;
+    u16* zbuffer = target->zbuffer;
+    u32* light_accum = target->light_accum;
+
+    for (u32 gi = 0; gi < glow_count; gi++) {
+        const pxl8_glow* glow = &glows[gi];
+        i32 cx = glow->x;
+        i32 cy = glow->y;
+        i32 radius = glow->radius;
+
+        if (radius <= 0 || glow->intensity == 0) continue;
+
+        i32 x0 = cx - radius;
+        i32 y0 = cy - radius;
+        i32 x1 = cx + radius;
+        i32 y1 = cy + radius;
+
+        if (x0 < 0) x0 = 0;
+        if (y0 < 0) y0 = 0;
+        if (x1 >= (i32)width) x1 = (i32)width - 1;
+        if (y1 >= (i32)height) y1 = (i32)height - 1;
+
+        if (x0 >= x1 || y0 >= y1) continue;
+
+        u16 glow_depth = glow->depth;
+        u8 base_color = glow->color;
+        f32 base_intensity = glow->intensity / 255.0f;
+        f32 radius_f = (f32)radius;
+        f32 radius_sq = radius_f * radius_f;
+        f32 inv_radius_sq = 1.0f / radius_sq;
+        f32 inv_radius = 1.0f / radius_f;
+
+        for (i32 y = y0; y <= y1; y++) {
+            u32 row = (u32)y * width;
+            f32 dy = (f32)(y - cy);
+
+            for (i32 x = x0; x <= x1; x++) {
+                u32 idx = row + (u32)x;
+
+                if (zbuffer && glow_depth > zbuffer[idx]) continue;
+
+                f32 dx = (f32)(x - cx);
+                f32 intensity = 0.0f;
+
+                switch (glow->shape) {
+                    case PXL8_GLOW_CIRCLE: {
+                        f32 dist_sq = dx * dx + dy * dy;
+                        if (dist_sq >= radius_sq) continue;
+                        f32 falloff = 1.0f - dist_sq * inv_radius_sq;
+                        intensity = base_intensity * falloff * falloff;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case PXL8_GLOW_DIAMOND: {
+                        f32 abs_dx = dx < 0 ? -dx : dx;
+                        f32 abs_dy = dy < 0 ? -dy : dy;
+                        f32 manhattan = abs_dx + abs_dy;
+                        if (manhattan >= radius_f) continue;
+                        f32 falloff = 1.0f - manhattan * inv_radius;
+                        intensity = base_intensity * falloff * falloff;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case PXL8_GLOW_SHAFT: {
+                        f32 abs_dx = dx < 0 ? -dx : dx;
+                        f32 abs_dy = dy < 0 ? -dy : dy;
+                        f32 height_f = glow->height > 0 ? (f32)glow->height : radius_f;
+                        if (abs_dx >= radius_f || abs_dy >= height_f) continue;
+                        f32 falloff_x = 1.0f - abs_dx * inv_radius;
+                        f32 falloff_y = 1.0f - abs_dy / height_f;
+                        intensity = base_intensity * falloff_x * falloff_x * falloff_y;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (intensity < 0.02f) continue;
+
+                u8 int_val = intensity < 1.0f ? (u8)(intensity * 255.0f) : 255;
+                u8 light_level = pxl8_ordered_dither(int_val, (u32)x, (u32)y);
+
+                if (light_level < 8) continue;
+
+                u8 shaded = pxl8_colormap_lookup(cpu->colormap, base_color, PXL8_LIGHT_WHITE, light_level);
+
+                if (cpu->palette_cube) {
+                    u8 sr, sg, sb, dr, dg, db;
+                    pxl8_palette_cube_get_rgb(cpu->palette_cube, shaded, &sr, &sg, &sb);
+                    pxl8_palette_cube_get_rgb(cpu->palette_cube, pixels[idx], &dr, &dg, &db);
+                    u32 r = (u32)sr + (u32)dr;
+                    u32 g = (u32)sg + (u32)dg;
+                    u32 b = (u32)sb + (u32)db;
+                    if (r > 255) r = 255;
+                    if (g > 255) g = 255;
+                    if (b > 255) b = 255;
+                    pixels[idx] = pxl8_palette_cube_lookup(cpu->palette_cube, (u8)r, (u8)g, (u8)b);
+                } else {
+                    pixels[idx] = shaded;
+                }
+
+                if (light_accum) {
+                    light_accum[idx] = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void pxl8_cpu_resolve(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu) {
+    if (!cpu || !cpu->palette || cpu->target_stack_depth == 0) return;
+
+    pxl8_cpu_render_target* target = cpu->target_stack[0];
+    if (!target || !target->framebuffer) return;
+
+    u32 pixel_count = target->width * target->height;
+    const u8* pixels = target->framebuffer;
+    const u32* light_accum = target->light_accum;
+    const u32* palette = cpu->palette;
+    u32* output = cpu->output;
+
+    for (u32 i = 0; i < pixel_count; i++) {
+        u32 base = palette[pixels[i]];
+
+        if (light_accum && light_accum[i] != 0) {
+            u32 light_color = light_accum[i];
+            u32 tint_alpha = (light_color >> 24) & 0xFF;
+
+            if (tint_alpha == 255) {
+                output[i] = light_color;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (tint_alpha > 0) {
+                u32 lr = light_color & 0xFF;
+                u32 lg = (light_color >> 8) & 0xFF;
+                u32 lb = (light_color >> 16) & 0xFF;
+
+                u32 br = base & 0xFF;
+                u32 bg = (base >> 8) & 0xFF;
+                u32 bb = (base >> 16) & 0xFF;
+                u32 ba = (base >> 24) & 0xFF;
+
+                f32 t = (f32)tint_alpha / 255.0f;
+                f32 tint_r = (f32)lr / 255.0f;
+                f32 tint_g = (f32)lg / 255.0f;
+                f32 tint_b = (f32)lb / 255.0f;
+
+                f32 or_f = (f32)br * (1.0f + t * tint_r);
+                f32 og_f = (f32)bg * (1.0f + t * tint_g * 0.6f);
+                f32 ob_f = (f32)bb * (1.0f + t * tint_b * 0.3f);
+
+                u32 or = (u32)or_f;
+                u32 og = (u32)og_f;
+                u32 ob = (u32)ob_f;
+
+                if (or > 255) or = 255;
+                if (og > 255) og = 255;
+                if (ob > 255) ob = 255;
+
+                output[i] = or | (og << 8) | (ob << 16) | (ba << 24);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        output[i] = base;
+    }
+
+    for (u32 t = 1; t < cpu->target_stack_depth; t++) {
+        pxl8_cpu_render_target* overlay = cpu->target_stack[t];
+        if (!overlay || !overlay->framebuffer) continue;
+
+        const u8* overlay_pixels = overlay->framebuffer;
+        for (u32 i = 0; i < pixel_count; i++) {
+            u8 idx = overlay_pixels[i];
+            if (idx != 0) {
+                output[i] = palette[idx];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_cpu.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_cpu.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81f3852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_cpu.h
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "pxl8_atlas.h"
+#include "pxl8_colormap.h"
+#include "pxl8_gfx.h"
+#include "pxl8_gfx3d.h"
+#include "pxl8_lightmap.h"
+#include "pxl8_math.h"
+#include "pxl8_mesh.h"
+#include "pxl8_palette.h"
+#include "pxl8_types.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+typedef struct pxl8_cpu_backend pxl8_cpu_backend;
+typedef struct pxl8_cpu_render_target pxl8_cpu_render_target;
+
+typedef struct pxl8_cpu_render_target_desc {
+    u32 width;
+    u32 height;
+    bool with_depth;
+    bool with_lighting;
+} pxl8_cpu_render_target_desc;
+
+pxl8_cpu_backend* pxl8_cpu_create(u32 width, u32 height);
+void pxl8_cpu_destroy(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+
+void pxl8_cpu_begin_frame(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, const pxl8_3d_frame* frame);
+void pxl8_cpu_end_frame(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+
+void pxl8_cpu_clear(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, u8 color);
+void pxl8_cpu_clear_depth(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+
+void pxl8_cpu_set_colormap(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, const pxl8_colormap* cm);
+void pxl8_cpu_set_palette(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, const u32* palette);
+void pxl8_cpu_set_palette_cube(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, const pxl8_palette_cube* cube);
+
+u32 pxl8_cpu_add_lightmap(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, pxl8_lightmap* lm);
+pxl8_lightmap* pxl8_cpu_get_lightmap(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, u32 id);
+
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_pixel(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 x, i32 y, u8 color);
+u8 pxl8_cpu_get_pixel(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 x, i32 y);
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_line_2d(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 x0, i32 y0, i32 x1, i32 y1, u8 color);
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_rect(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, u8 color);
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_rect_fill(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, u8 color);
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_circle(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 cx, i32 cy, i32 radius, u8 color);
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_circle_fill(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, i32 cx, i32 cy, i32 radius, u8 color);
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_line_3d(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, pxl8_vec3 v0, pxl8_vec3 v1, u8 color);
+
+void pxl8_cpu_draw_mesh(
+    pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu,
+    const pxl8_mesh* mesh,
+    const pxl8_mat4* model,
+    const pxl8_gfx_material* material,
+    const pxl8_atlas* textures
+);
+
+u8* pxl8_cpu_get_framebuffer(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+u32* pxl8_cpu_get_light_accum(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+u32* pxl8_cpu_get_output(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+u16* pxl8_cpu_get_zbuffer(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+u32 pxl8_cpu_get_height(const pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+u32 pxl8_cpu_get_width(const pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+
+void pxl8_cpu_render_glows(
+    pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu,
+    const pxl8_glow* glows,
+    u32 glow_count
+);
+
+void pxl8_cpu_resolve(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+
+pxl8_cpu_render_target* pxl8_cpu_create_render_target(const pxl8_cpu_render_target_desc* desc);
+void pxl8_cpu_destroy_render_target(pxl8_cpu_render_target* target);
+
+pxl8_cpu_render_target* pxl8_cpu_get_target(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+void pxl8_cpu_set_target(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, pxl8_cpu_render_target* target);
+
+void pxl8_cpu_blit(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu, pxl8_cpu_render_target* src, i32 x, i32 y, u8 transparent_idx);
+
+bool pxl8_cpu_push_target(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+void pxl8_cpu_pop_target(pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+u32 pxl8_cpu_get_target_depth(const pxl8_cpu_backend* cpu);
+
+u8* pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_framebuffer(pxl8_cpu_render_target* target);
+u32 pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_height(const pxl8_cpu_render_target* target);
+u32 pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_width(const pxl8_cpu_render_target* target);
+u32* pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_light_accum(pxl8_cpu_render_target* target);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_dither.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_dither.h
index c22cf8e..3b5416a 100644
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_dither.h
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_dither.h
@@ -8,16 +8,8 @@ extern "C" {
 
 extern const u8 PXL8_BAYER_4X4[16];
 
-static inline u8 pxl8_gfx_dither(f32 value, u32 x, u32 y) {
-    if (value <= 0.0f) return 0;
-    if (value >= 255.0f) return 255;
-    u8 base = (u8)value;
-    f32 frac = value - (f32)base;
-    f32 threshold = (PXL8_BAYER_4X4[(y & 3) * 4 + (x & 3)] + 0.5f) * (1.0f / 16.0f);
-    if (frac > threshold) {
-        return base < 255 ? (u8)(base + 1) : 255;
-    }
-    return base;
+static inline i8 pxl8_bayer_offset(u32 x, u32 y) {
+    return (i8)(PXL8_BAYER_4X4[(y & 3) * 4 + (x & 3)]) - 8;
 }
 
 static inline u8 pxl8_ordered_dither(u8 value, u32 x, u32 y) {
@@ -26,6 +18,24 @@ static inline u8 pxl8_ordered_dither(u8 value, u32 x, u32 y) {
     return result > 255 ? 255 : (u8)result;
 }
 
+static inline u8 pxl8_dither_light(u8 light, u32 x, u32 y) {
+    i8 offset = pxl8_bayer_offset(x, y) >> 1;
+    i16 result = (i16)light + offset;
+    if (result < 0) return 0;
+    if (result > 255) return 255;
+    return (u8)result;
+}
+
+static inline u8 pxl8_dither_float(f32 value, u32 x, u32 y) {
+    u8 floor_val = (u8)value;
+    f32 frac = value - (f32)floor_val;
+    f32 threshold = (PXL8_BAYER_4X4[(y & 3) * 4 + (x & 3)] + 0.5f) * (1.0f / 16.0f);
+    if (frac > threshold) {
+        return floor_val < 255 ? floor_val + 1 : 255;
+    }
+    return floor_val;
+}
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx.c b/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx.c
index 1dadd12..4d2e364 100644
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx.c
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 #include "pxl8_ase.h"
 #include "pxl8_atlas.h"
+#include "pxl8_backend.h"
 #include "pxl8_blit.h"
 #include "pxl8_color.h"
 #include "pxl8_colormap.h"
@@ -14,77 +15,36 @@
 #include "pxl8_macros.h"
 #include "pxl8_math.h"
 #include "pxl8_mem.h"
-#include "pxl8_render.h"
-#include "pxl8_shader_registry.h"
 #include "pxl8_sys.h"
 #include "pxl8_types.h"
 
-#define PXL8_MAX_TARGET_STACK 8
-
 typedef struct pxl8_sprite_cache_entry {
     char path[256];
     u32 sprite_id;
     bool active;
 } pxl8_sprite_cache_entry;
 
-typedef struct pxl8_target_entry {
-    pxl8_gfx_texture color;
-    pxl8_gfx_texture depth;
-    pxl8_gfx_texture light;
-} pxl8_target_entry;
-
-#define PXL8_MAX_FRAME_RESOURCES 512
-#define PXL8_STREAM_VB_SIZE (256 * 1024)
-#define PXL8_STREAM_IB_SIZE (512 * 1024)
-
-typedef struct pxl8_frame_resources {
-    pxl8_gfx_texture textures[PXL8_MAX_FRAME_RESOURCES];
-    pxl8_gfx_buffer buffers[PXL8_MAX_FRAME_RESOURCES];
-    pxl8_gfx_pipeline pipelines[PXL8_MAX_FRAME_RESOURCES];
-    pxl8_gfx_bindings bindings[PXL8_MAX_FRAME_RESOURCES];
-    u32 texture_count;
-    u32 buffer_count;
-    u32 pipeline_count;
-    u32 bindings_count;
-} pxl8_frame_resources;
-
 struct pxl8_gfx {
     pxl8_atlas* atlas;
-    pxl8_renderer* renderer;
-    pxl8_gfx_texture color_target;
-    pxl8_gfx_texture depth_target;
-    pxl8_gfx_texture light_target;
-    pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cmdbuf;
-    pxl8_target_entry target_stack[PXL8_MAX_TARGET_STACK];
-    u32 target_stack_depth;
+    pxl8_gfx_backend backend;
     const pxl8_bsp* bsp;
     pxl8_colormap* colormap;
+    u8* framebuffer;
     i32 framebuffer_height;
     i32 framebuffer_width;
     pxl8_frustum frustum;
     const pxl8_hal* hal;
     bool initialized;
-    u32* output;
     pxl8_palette* palette;
     pxl8_palette_cube* palette_cube;
-    pxl8_gfx_pass frame_pass;
-    pxl8_frame_resources frame_res;
     pxl8_pixel_mode pixel_mode;
     void* platform_data;
+    const pxl8_sdf* sdf;
     pxl8_sprite_cache_entry* sprite_cache;
     u32 sprite_cache_capacity;
     u32 sprite_cache_count;
     pxl8_viewport viewport;
     pxl8_mat4 view_proj;
-    pxl8_3d_frame frame;
-
-    pxl8_gfx_buffer stream_vb;
-    pxl8_gfx_buffer stream_ib;
-    u32 stream_vb_capacity;
-    u32 stream_ib_capacity;
-    u32 stream_vb_offset;
-    u32 stream_ib_offset;
-    bool wireframe;
 };
 
 pxl8_bounds pxl8_gfx_get_bounds(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
@@ -103,12 +63,15 @@ pxl8_pixel_mode pxl8_gfx_get_pixel_mode(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
 
 u8* pxl8_gfx_get_framebuffer_indexed(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
     if (!gfx || gfx->pixel_mode == PXL8_PIXEL_HICOLOR) return NULL;
-    return (u8*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, gfx->color_target);
+    if (gfx->backend.type == PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU) {
+        return pxl8_cpu_get_framebuffer(gfx->backend.cpu);
+    }
+    return gfx->framebuffer;
 }
 
 u16* pxl8_gfx_get_framebuffer_hicolor(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
     if (!gfx || gfx->pixel_mode != PXL8_PIXEL_HICOLOR) return NULL;
-    return (u16*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, gfx->color_target);
+    return (u16*)gfx->framebuffer;
 }
 
 i32 pxl8_gfx_get_height(const pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
@@ -117,30 +80,10 @@ i32 pxl8_gfx_get_height(const pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
 
 u32* pxl8_gfx_get_light_accum(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
     if (!gfx) return NULL;
-    return (u32*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, gfx->light_target);
-}
-
-u32* pxl8_gfx_get_output(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    if (!gfx) return NULL;
-    return gfx->output;
-}
-
-void pxl8_gfx_resolve(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    if (!gfx || !gfx->initialized) return;
-    if (gfx->pixel_mode != PXL8_PIXEL_INDEXED) return;
-
-    const u32* pal = gfx->palette ? pxl8_palette_colors(gfx->palette) : NULL;
-    if (!pal) {
-        pxl8_error("resolve: no palette!");
-        return;
+    if (gfx->backend.type == PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU) {
+        return pxl8_cpu_get_light_accum(gfx->backend.cpu);
     }
-    pxl8_resolve_to_rgba(
-        gfx->renderer,
-        gfx->color_target,
-        gfx->light_target,
-        pal,
-        gfx->output
-    );
+    return NULL;
 }
 
 const u32* pxl8_gfx_palette_colors(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
@@ -150,7 +93,10 @@ const u32* pxl8_gfx_palette_colors(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
 
 u16* pxl8_gfx_get_zbuffer(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
     if (!gfx) return NULL;
-    return (u16*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, gfx->depth_target);
+    if (gfx->backend.type == PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU) {
+        return pxl8_cpu_get_zbuffer(gfx->backend.cpu);
+    }
+    return NULL;
 }
 
 i32 pxl8_gfx_get_width(const pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
@@ -177,6 +123,9 @@ u8 pxl8_gfx_find_color(pxl8_gfx* gfx, u32 color) {
 void pxl8_gfx_set_palette_colors(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const u32* colors, u16 count) {
     if (!gfx || !gfx->palette || !colors) return;
     pxl8_set_palette(gfx->palette, colors, count);
+    if (gfx->pixel_mode != PXL8_PIXEL_HICOLOR && gfx->backend.type == PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU) {
+        pxl8_cpu_set_palette(gfx->backend.cpu, pxl8_palette_colors(gfx->palette));
+    }
 }
 
 i32 pxl8_gfx_load_palette(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const char* filepath) {
@@ -187,6 +136,9 @@ i32 pxl8_gfx_load_palette(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const char* filepath) {
         if (gfx->colormap) {
             pxl8_colormap_generate(gfx->colormap, pxl8_palette_colors(gfx->palette));
         }
+        if (gfx->backend.type == PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU) {
+            pxl8_cpu_set_palette(gfx->backend.cpu, pxl8_palette_colors(gfx->palette));
+        }
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -197,8 +149,6 @@ pxl8_gfx* pxl8_gfx_create(
     pxl8_pixel_mode mode,
     pxl8_resolution resolution
 ) {
-    pxl8_shader_registry_init();
-
     pxl8_gfx* gfx = (pxl8_gfx*)pxl8_calloc(1, sizeof(pxl8_gfx));
     if (!gfx) {
         pxl8_error("Failed to allocate graphics context");
@@ -223,87 +173,29 @@ pxl8_gfx* pxl8_gfx_create(
         gfx->palette = pxl8_palette_create();
     }
 
-    gfx->renderer = pxl8_renderer_create(gfx->framebuffer_width, gfx->framebuffer_height);
-    if (!gfx->renderer) {
-        pxl8_error("Failed to create renderer");
+    gfx->backend.type = PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU;
+    gfx->backend.cpu = pxl8_cpu_create(gfx->framebuffer_width, gfx->framebuffer_height);
+    if (!gfx->backend.cpu) {
+        pxl8_error("Failed to create CPU backend");
         pxl8_gfx_destroy(gfx);
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    pxl8_gfx_texture_desc color_desc = {
-        .width = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_width,
-        .height = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_height,
-        .format = PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8,
-        .render_target = true,
-    };
-    gfx->color_target = pxl8_create_texture(gfx->renderer, &color_desc);
-
-    pxl8_gfx_texture_desc depth_desc = {
-        .width = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_width,
-        .height = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_height,
-        .format = PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_DEPTH16,
-        .render_target = true,
-    };
-    gfx->depth_target = pxl8_create_texture(gfx->renderer, &depth_desc);
-
-    pxl8_gfx_texture_desc light_desc = {
-        .width = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_width,
-        .height = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_height,
-        .format = PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_LIGHT_ACCUM,
-        .render_target = true,
-    };
-    gfx->light_target = pxl8_create_texture(gfx->renderer, &light_desc);
-
-    u32 pixel_count = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_width * (u32)gfx->framebuffer_height;
-    gfx->output = pxl8_calloc(pixel_count, sizeof(u32));
-    if (!gfx->output) {
-        pxl8_error("Failed to allocate output buffer");
-        pxl8_gfx_destroy(gfx);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    gfx->cmdbuf = pxl8_cmdbuf_create(1024);
-    if (!gfx->cmdbuf) {
-        pxl8_error("Failed to create command buffer");
-        pxl8_gfx_destroy(gfx);
-        return NULL;
-    }
+    gfx->framebuffer = pxl8_cpu_get_framebuffer(gfx->backend.cpu);
 
     if (mode != PXL8_PIXEL_HICOLOR) {
         gfx->colormap = pxl8_calloc(1, sizeof(pxl8_colormap));
+        if (gfx->colormap) {
+            pxl8_cpu_set_colormap(gfx->backend.cpu, gfx->colormap);
+        }
     }
 
-    gfx->target_stack[0] = (pxl8_target_entry){
-        .color = gfx->color_target,
-        .depth = gfx->depth_target,
-        .light = gfx->light_target,
-    };
-    gfx->target_stack_depth = 1;
-
     gfx->viewport.offset_x = 0;
     gfx->viewport.offset_y = 0;
     gfx->viewport.scaled_width = gfx->framebuffer_width;
     gfx->viewport.scaled_height = gfx->framebuffer_height;
     gfx->viewport.scale = 1.0f;
 
-    pxl8_gfx_buffer_desc vb_desc = {
-        .capacity = PXL8_STREAM_VB_SIZE,
-        .type = PXL8_GFX_BUFFER_VERTEX,
-        .usage = PXL8_GFX_USAGE_STREAM,
-    };
-    gfx->stream_vb = pxl8_create_buffer(gfx->renderer, &vb_desc);
-    gfx->stream_vb_capacity = PXL8_STREAM_VB_SIZE;
-    gfx->stream_vb_offset = 0;
-
-    pxl8_gfx_buffer_desc ib_desc = {
-        .capacity = PXL8_STREAM_IB_SIZE,
-        .type = PXL8_GFX_BUFFER_INDEX,
-        .usage = PXL8_GFX_USAGE_STREAM,
-    };
-    gfx->stream_ib = pxl8_create_buffer(gfx->renderer, &ib_desc);
-    gfx->stream_ib_capacity = PXL8_STREAM_IB_SIZE;
-    gfx->stream_ib_offset = 0;
-
     gfx->initialized = true;
     return gfx;
 }
@@ -312,13 +204,13 @@ void pxl8_gfx_destroy(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
     if (!gfx) return;
 
     pxl8_atlas_destroy(gfx->atlas);
-    pxl8_cmdbuf_destroy(gfx->cmdbuf);
+    if (gfx->backend.type == PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU) {
+        pxl8_cpu_destroy(gfx->backend.cpu);
+    }
     pxl8_free(gfx->colormap);
-    pxl8_free(gfx->output);
     pxl8_palette_cube_destroy(gfx->palette_cube);
     pxl8_palette_destroy(gfx->palette);
     pxl8_free(gfx->sprite_cache);
-    pxl8_renderer_destroy(gfx->renderer);
 
     pxl8_free(gfx);
 }
@@ -438,24 +330,26 @@ pxl8_result pxl8_gfx_load_font_atlas(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
 void pxl8_gfx_upload_framebuffer(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
     if (!gfx || !gfx->initialized || !gfx->hal) return;
 
-    if (gfx->pixel_mode == PXL8_PIXEL_INDEXED) {
-        pxl8_gfx_resolve(gfx);
-        gfx->hal->upload_texture(
-            gfx->platform_data,
-            gfx->output,
-            gfx->framebuffer_width,
-            gfx->framebuffer_height,
-            PXL8_PIXEL_RGBA,
-            NULL
-        );
-        return;
+    if (gfx->backend.type == PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU && gfx->pixel_mode == PXL8_PIXEL_INDEXED) {
+        pxl8_cpu_resolve(gfx->backend.cpu);
+        u32* output = pxl8_cpu_get_output(gfx->backend.cpu);
+        if (output) {
+            gfx->hal->upload_texture(
+                gfx->platform_data,
+                output,
+                gfx->framebuffer_width,
+                gfx->framebuffer_height,
+                PXL8_PIXEL_RGBA,
+                NULL
+            );
+            return;
+        }
     }
 
     u32* colors = gfx->palette ? pxl8_palette_colors(gfx->palette) : NULL;
-    u8* framebuffer = (u8*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, gfx->color_target);
     gfx->hal->upload_texture(
         gfx->platform_data,
-        framebuffer,
+        gfx->framebuffer,
         gfx->framebuffer_width,
         gfx->framebuffer_height,
         gfx->pixel_mode,
@@ -469,16 +363,6 @@ void pxl8_gfx_present(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
     gfx->hal->present(gfx->platform_data);
 }
 
-void pxl8_gfx_reset_stats(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    if (!gfx || !gfx->renderer) return;
-    pxl8_renderer_reset_stats(gfx->renderer);
-}
-
-const pxl8_gfx_stats* pxl8_gfx_get_stats(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    if (!gfx || !gfx->renderer) return NULL;
-    return pxl8_renderer_get_stats(gfx->renderer);
-}
-
 pxl8_viewport pxl8_gfx_viewport(pxl8_bounds bounds, i32 width, i32 height) {
     pxl8_viewport vp = {0};
     vp.scale = fminf(bounds.w / (f32)width, bounds.h / (f32)height);
@@ -498,99 +382,115 @@ void pxl8_gfx_project(pxl8_gfx* gfx, f32 left, f32 right, f32 top, f32 bottom) {
     (void)gfx; (void)left; (void)right; (void)top; (void)bottom;
 }
 
-static pxl8_gfx_texture gfx_current_color(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    if (gfx->target_stack_depth == 0) return gfx->color_target;
-    return gfx->target_stack[gfx->target_stack_depth - 1].color;
-}
-
-static pxl8_gfx_texture gfx_current_depth(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    if (gfx->target_stack_depth == 0) return gfx->depth_target;
-    return gfx->target_stack[gfx->target_stack_depth - 1].depth;
-}
-
-static pxl8_gfx_texture gfx_current_light(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    if (gfx->target_stack_depth == 0) return gfx->light_target;
-    return gfx->target_stack[gfx->target_stack_depth - 1].light;
-}
-
-static void gfx_composite_over(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_target_entry* src, pxl8_target_entry* dst) {
-    if (!gfx || !src || !dst) return;
-
-    u8* src_color = (u8*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, src->color);
-    u8* dst_color = (u8*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, dst->color);
-    if (!src_color || !dst_color) return;
-
-    u32 width = pxl8_texture_get_width(gfx->renderer, src->color);
-    u32 height = pxl8_texture_get_height(gfx->renderer, src->color);
-    if (width == 0 || height == 0) return;
-
-    u32 dst_width = pxl8_texture_get_width(gfx->renderer, dst->color);
-    u32 dst_height = pxl8_texture_get_height(gfx->renderer, dst->color);
-    if (dst_width != width || dst_height != height) return;
-
-    u32* src_light = (u32*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, src->light);
-    u32* dst_light = (u32*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, dst->light);
-
-    u32 count = width * height;
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        u8 sc = src_color[i];
-        if (sc == 0) continue;
-
-        dst_color[i] = sc;
-        if (dst_light) {
-            dst_light[i] = src_light ? src_light[i] : 0;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 void pxl8_2d_clear(pxl8_gfx* gfx, u32 color) {
     if (!gfx) return;
-    pxl8_clear(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_color(gfx), (u8)color);
-    pxl8_clear_light(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_light(gfx));
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_clear(gfx->backend.cpu, (u8)color);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 void pxl8_2d_pixel(pxl8_gfx* gfx, i32 x, i32 y, u32 color) {
     if (!gfx) return;
-    pxl8_draw_pixel(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_color(gfx), x, y, (u8)color);
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_draw_pixel(gfx->backend.cpu, x, y, (u8)color);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 u32 pxl8_2d_get_pixel(pxl8_gfx* gfx, i32 x, i32 y) {
     if (!gfx) return 0;
-    return pxl8_get_pixel(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_color(gfx), x, y);
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            return pxl8_cpu_get_pixel(gfx->backend.cpu, x, y);
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            return 0;
+    }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 void pxl8_2d_line(pxl8_gfx* gfx, i32 x0, i32 y0, i32 x1, i32 y1, u32 color) {
     if (!gfx) return;
-    pxl8_draw_line(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_color(gfx), x0, y0, x1, y1, (u8)color);
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_draw_line_2d(gfx->backend.cpu, x0, y0, x1, y1, (u8)color);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 void pxl8_2d_rect(pxl8_gfx* gfx, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, u32 color) {
     if (!gfx) return;
-    pxl8_draw_rect(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_color(gfx), x, y, w, h, (u8)color);
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_draw_rect(gfx->backend.cpu, x, y, w, h, (u8)color);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 void pxl8_2d_rect_fill(pxl8_gfx* gfx, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, u32 color) {
     if (!gfx) return;
-    pxl8_draw_rect_fill(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_color(gfx), x, y, w, h, (u8)color);
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_draw_rect_fill(gfx->backend.cpu, x, y, w, h, (u8)color);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 void pxl8_2d_circle(pxl8_gfx* gfx, i32 cx, i32 cy, i32 radius, u32 color) {
     if (!gfx) return;
-    pxl8_draw_circle(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_color(gfx), cx, cy, radius, (u8)color);
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_draw_circle(gfx->backend.cpu, cx, cy, radius, (u8)color);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 void pxl8_2d_circle_fill(pxl8_gfx* gfx, i32 cx, i32 cy, i32 radius, u32 color) {
     if (!gfx) return;
-    pxl8_draw_circle_fill(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_color(gfx), cx, cy, radius, (u8)color);
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_draw_circle_fill(gfx->backend.cpu, cx, cy, radius, (u8)color);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 void pxl8_2d_text(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const char* text, i32 x, i32 y, u32 color) {
     if (!gfx || !text) return;
 
-    pxl8_gfx_texture target = gfx_current_color(gfx);
-    u8* framebuffer = (u8*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, target);
-    i32 fb_width = (i32)pxl8_texture_get_width(gfx->renderer, target);
-    i32 fb_height = (i32)pxl8_texture_get_height(gfx->renderer, target);
+    u8* framebuffer = NULL;
+    u32* light_accum = NULL;
+    i32 fb_width = 0;
+    i32 fb_height = 0;
+
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU: {
+            pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = pxl8_cpu_get_target(gfx->backend.cpu);
+            if (!render_target) return;
+            framebuffer = pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_framebuffer(render_target);
+            light_accum = pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_light_accum(render_target);
+            fb_width = (i32)pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_width(render_target);
+            fb_height = (i32)pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_height(render_target);
+            break;
+        }
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            return;
+    }
 
     if (!framebuffer) return;
 
@@ -623,6 +523,7 @@ void pxl8_2d_text(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const char* text, i32 x, i32 y, u32 color) {
                 if (pixel_bit) {
                     i32 idx = py * fb_width + px;
                     framebuffer[idx] = (u8)color;
+                    if (light_accum) light_accum[idx] = 0;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -635,10 +536,24 @@ void pxl8_2d_text(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const char* text, i32 x, i32 y, u32 color) {
 void pxl8_2d_sprite(pxl8_gfx* gfx, u32 sprite_id, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, bool flip_x, bool flip_y) {
     if (!gfx || !gfx->atlas) return;
 
-    pxl8_gfx_texture target = gfx_current_color(gfx);
-    u8* framebuffer = (u8*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, target);
-    i32 fb_width = (i32)pxl8_texture_get_width(gfx->renderer, target);
-    i32 fb_height = (i32)pxl8_texture_get_height(gfx->renderer, target);
+    u8* framebuffer = NULL;
+    u32* light_accum = NULL;
+    i32 fb_width = 0;
+    i32 fb_height = 0;
+
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU: {
+            pxl8_cpu_render_target* render_target = pxl8_cpu_get_target(gfx->backend.cpu);
+            if (!render_target) return;
+            framebuffer = pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_framebuffer(render_target);
+            light_accum = pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_light_accum(render_target);
+            fb_width = (i32)pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_width(render_target);
+            fb_height = (i32)pxl8_cpu_render_target_get_height(render_target);
+            break;
+        }
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            return;
+    }
 
     if (!framebuffer) return;
 
@@ -668,6 +583,11 @@ void pxl8_2d_sprite(pxl8_gfx* gfx, u32 sprite_id, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, bo
     if (is_1to1_scale && is_unclipped && !is_flipped) {
         const u8* sprite_data = atlas_pixels + entry->y * atlas_width + entry->x;
         pxl8_blit_indexed(framebuffer, fb_width, sprite_data, atlas_width, x, y, w, h);
+        if (light_accum) {
+            for (i32 py = 0; py < h; py++) {
+                memset(light_accum + (y + py) * fb_width + x, 0, w * sizeof(u32));
+            }
+        }
     } else {
         for (i32 py = 0; py < draw_height; py++) {
             for (i32 px = 0; px < draw_width; px++) {
@@ -681,6 +601,7 @@ void pxl8_2d_sprite(pxl8_gfx* gfx, u32 sprite_id, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, bo
                 i32 dest_idx = (dest_y + py) * fb_width + (dest_x + px);
 
                 framebuffer[dest_idx] = pxl8_blend_indexed(atlas_pixels[src_idx], framebuffer[dest_idx]);
+                if (light_accum) light_accum[dest_idx] = 0;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -695,7 +616,7 @@ void pxl8_gfx_update(pxl8_gfx* gfx, f32 dt) {
     }
 }
 
-pxl8_3d_frame pxl8_3d_frame_from_camera(const pxl8_3d_camera* camera, const pxl8_shader_uniforms* uniforms) {
+pxl8_3d_frame pxl8_3d_frame_from_camera(const pxl8_3d_camera* camera, const pxl8_3d_uniforms* uniforms) {
     pxl8_3d_frame frame = {0};
     if (!camera) return frame;
 
@@ -718,37 +639,32 @@ void pxl8_3d_set_bsp(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_bsp* bsp) {
     gfx->bsp = bsp;
 }
 
-void pxl8_3d_begin_frame(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_3d_camera* camera, const pxl8_lights* lights, const pxl8_shader_uniforms* uniforms) {
+void pxl8_3d_set_sdf(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_sdf* sdf) {
+    if (!gfx) return;
+    gfx->sdf = sdf;
+}
+
+void pxl8_3d_begin_frame(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_3d_camera* camera, const pxl8_lights* lights, const pxl8_3d_uniforms* uniforms) {
     if (!gfx || !camera) return;
 
     pxl8_3d_frame frame = pxl8_3d_frame_from_camera(camera, uniforms);
     frame.bsp = gfx->bsp;
-    frame.uniforms.lights = lights ? pxl8_lights_data(lights) : NULL;
-    frame.uniforms.lights_count = lights ? pxl8_lights_count(lights) : 0;
+    frame.lights = lights ? pxl8_lights_data(lights) : NULL;
+    frame.lights_count = lights ? pxl8_lights_count(lights) : 0;
+    frame.sdf = gfx->sdf;
 
     pxl8_mat4 vp = pxl8_mat4_multiply(frame.projection, frame.view);
 
     gfx->frustum = pxl8_frustum_from_matrix(vp);
     gfx->view_proj = vp;
-    gfx->frame = frame;
 
-    gfx->frame_res.texture_count = 0;
-    gfx->frame_res.buffer_count = 0;
-    gfx->frame_res.pipeline_count = 0;
-    gfx->frame_res.bindings_count = 0;
-
-    gfx->stream_vb_offset = 0;
-    gfx->stream_ib_offset = 0;
-
-    pxl8_cmdbuf_reset(gfx->cmdbuf);
-
-    pxl8_gfx_pass_desc pass_desc = {
-        .color = { .texture = gfx_current_color(gfx), .load = PXL8_GFX_LOAD_CLEAR, .clear_value = 0 },
-        .depth = { .texture = gfx_current_depth(gfx), .load = PXL8_GFX_LOAD_CLEAR, .clear_value = 0xFFFF },
-        .light_accum = { .texture = gfx_current_light(gfx), .load = PXL8_GFX_LOAD_CLEAR },
-    };
-    gfx->frame_pass = pxl8_create_pass(gfx->renderer, &pass_desc);
-    pxl8_begin_pass(gfx->cmdbuf, gfx->frame_pass);
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_begin_frame(gfx->backend.cpu, &frame);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 const pxl8_frustum* pxl8_3d_get_frustum(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
@@ -790,249 +706,90 @@ u32 pxl8_3d_project_points(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_vec3* in, pxl8_vec3* out, u
 
 void pxl8_3d_clear(pxl8_gfx* gfx, u8 color) {
     if (!gfx) return;
-    pxl8_clear(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_color(gfx), color);
-    pxl8_clear_light(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_light(gfx));
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_clear(gfx->backend.cpu, color);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 void pxl8_3d_clear_depth(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
     if (!gfx) return;
-    pxl8_clear_depth(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_depth(gfx));
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_clear_depth(gfx->backend.cpu);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 void pxl8_3d_draw_line(pxl8_gfx* gfx, pxl8_vec3 v0, pxl8_vec3 v1, u8 color) {
     if (!gfx) return;
-
-    pxl8_vec4 c0 = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(gfx->view_proj, (pxl8_vec4){v0.x, v0.y, v0.z, 1.0f});
-    pxl8_vec4 c1 = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(gfx->view_proj, (pxl8_vec4){v1.x, v1.y, v1.z, 1.0f});
-
-    if (c0.w <= 0.0f && c1.w <= 0.0f) return;
-
-    f32 hw = (f32)gfx->framebuffer_width * 0.5f;
-    f32 hh = (f32)gfx->framebuffer_height * 0.5f;
-
-    i32 x0 = (i32)(hw + c0.x / c0.w * hw);
-    i32 y0 = (i32)(hh - c0.y / c0.w * hh);
-    i32 x1 = (i32)(hw + c1.x / c1.w * hw);
-    i32 y1 = (i32)(hh - c1.y / c1.w * hh);
-
-    pxl8_draw_line(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_color(gfx), x0, y0, x1, y1, color);
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_draw_line_3d(gfx->backend.cpu, v0, v1, color);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 void pxl8_3d_draw_mesh(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_mesh* mesh, const pxl8_mat4* model, const pxl8_gfx_material* material) {
     if (!gfx || !mesh || !model || !material) return;
-    if (!pxl8_gfx_handle_valid(gfx->frame_pass)) return;
-
-    pxl8_frame_resources* res = &gfx->frame_res;
-    bool is_wireframe = gfx->wireframe;
-
-    const char* shader_name = "lit";
-    if (material->emissive || (!material->dynamic_lighting && !material->per_pixel)) {
-        shader_name = "unlit";
-    }
-
-    pxl8_gfx_pipeline_desc pipe_desc = {
-        .blend = {
-            .enabled = false,
-            .src = PXL8_GFX_BLEND_ONE,
-            .dst = PXL8_GFX_BLEND_ZERO,
-            .alpha_test = false,
-            .alpha_ref = 0,
-        },
-        .depth = { .test = true, .write = true, .compare = PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_LESS },
-        .dither = material->dither,
-        .double_sided = material->double_sided,
-        .emissive = material->emissive,
-        .rasterizer = { .cull = PXL8_GFX_CULL_BACK, .fill = is_wireframe ? PXL8_GFX_FILL_WIREFRAME : PXL8_GFX_FILL_SOLID },
-        .shader = pxl8_shader_registry_get(shader_name),
-    };
-
-    switch (material->blend_mode) {
-        case PXL8_BLEND_ALPHA_TEST:
-            pipe_desc.blend.alpha_test = true;
-            pipe_desc.blend.alpha_ref = material->alpha;
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_draw_mesh(gfx->backend.cpu, mesh, model, material, gfx->atlas);
             break;
-        case PXL8_BLEND_ALPHA:
-            pipe_desc.blend.enabled = true;
-            pipe_desc.blend.src = PXL8_GFX_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA;
-            pipe_desc.blend.dst = PXL8_GFX_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;
-            break;
-        case PXL8_BLEND_ADDITIVE:
-            pipe_desc.blend.enabled = true;
-            pipe_desc.blend.src = PXL8_GFX_BLEND_ONE;
-            pipe_desc.blend.dst = PXL8_GFX_BLEND_ONE;
-            break;
-        case PXL8_BLEND_OPAQUE:
-        default:
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
             break;
     }
-    pxl8_gfx_pipeline pipeline = pxl8_create_pipeline(gfx->renderer, &pipe_desc);
-    if (res->pipeline_count < PXL8_MAX_FRAME_RESOURCES) {
-        res->pipelines[res->pipeline_count++] = pipeline;
-    }
-
-    pxl8_gfx_bindings_desc bind_desc = {
-        .atlas = gfx->atlas,
-        .colormap = gfx->colormap,
-        .palette = gfx->palette ? pxl8_palette_colors(gfx->palette) : NULL,
-        .texture_id = material->texture_id,
-    };
-    pxl8_gfx_bindings bindings = pxl8_create_bindings(gfx->renderer, &bind_desc);
-    if (res->bindings_count < PXL8_MAX_FRAME_RESOURCES) {
-        res->bindings[res->bindings_count++] = bindings;
-    }
-
-    u32 vb_size = mesh->vertex_count * sizeof(pxl8_vertex);
-    u32 ib_size = mesh->index_count * sizeof(u16);
-
-    u32 base_vertex = 0;
-    u32 first_index = 0;
-    pxl8_gfx_buffer vb, ib;
-
-    bool use_stream = pxl8_gfx_handle_valid(gfx->stream_vb) &&
-                      pxl8_gfx_handle_valid(gfx->stream_ib) &&
-                      (gfx->stream_vb_offset + vb_size <= gfx->stream_vb_capacity) &&
-                      (gfx->stream_ib_offset + ib_size <= gfx->stream_ib_capacity);
-
-    if (use_stream) {
-        pxl8_gfx_range vb_data = { .ptr = mesh->vertices, .size = vb_size };
-        pxl8_gfx_range ib_data = { .ptr = mesh->indices, .size = ib_size };
-        i32 vb_offset = pxl8_append_buffer(gfx->renderer, gfx->stream_vb, &vb_data);
-        i32 ib_offset = pxl8_append_buffer(gfx->renderer, gfx->stream_ib, &ib_data);
-
-        if (vb_offset >= 0 && ib_offset >= 0) {
-            gfx->stream_vb_offset += vb_size;
-            gfx->stream_ib_offset += ib_size;
-
-            base_vertex = (u32)vb_offset / sizeof(pxl8_vertex);
-            first_index = (u32)ib_offset / sizeof(u16);
-
-            vb = gfx->stream_vb;
-            ib = gfx->stream_ib;
-        } else {
-            use_stream = false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!use_stream) {
-        pxl8_gfx_buffer_desc vb_desc = {
-            .type = PXL8_GFX_BUFFER_VERTEX,
-            .data = { .ptr = mesh->vertices, .size = vb_size },
-        };
-        vb = pxl8_create_buffer(gfx->renderer, &vb_desc);
-        if (res->buffer_count < PXL8_MAX_FRAME_RESOURCES) {
-            res->buffers[res->buffer_count++] = vb;
-        }
-
-        pxl8_gfx_buffer_desc ib_desc = {
-            .type = PXL8_GFX_BUFFER_INDEX,
-            .data = { .ptr = mesh->indices, .size = ib_size },
-        };
-        ib = pxl8_create_buffer(gfx->renderer, &ib_desc);
-        if (res->buffer_count < PXL8_MAX_FRAME_RESOURCES) {
-            res->buffers[res->buffer_count++] = ib;
-        }
-    }
-
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd_draw_params draw_params = {
-        .model = *model,
-        .view = gfx->frame.view,
-        .projection = gfx->frame.projection,
-        .shader = gfx->frame.uniforms,
-    };
-
-    pxl8_set_pipeline(gfx->cmdbuf, pipeline);
-    pxl8_set_bindings(gfx->cmdbuf, bindings);
-    pxl8_set_draw_params(gfx->cmdbuf, &draw_params);
-    pxl8_draw(gfx->cmdbuf, vb, ib, first_index, mesh->index_count, base_vertex);
 }
 
 void pxl8_3d_end_frame(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    if (!gfx) { pxl8_error("end_frame: gfx is NULL"); return; }
-    if (!pxl8_gfx_handle_valid(gfx->frame_pass)) { pxl8_error("end_frame: frame_pass invalid (id=%u)", gfx->frame_pass.id); return; }
-
-    pxl8_end_pass(gfx->cmdbuf);
-    pxl8_gfx_submit(gfx->renderer, gfx->cmdbuf);
-
-    pxl8_frame_resources* res = &gfx->frame_res;
-
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < res->buffer_count; i++) {
-        pxl8_destroy_buffer(gfx->renderer, res->buffers[i]);
+    if (!gfx) return;
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_end_frame(gfx->backend.cpu);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
     }
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < res->pipeline_count; i++) {
-        pxl8_destroy_pipeline(gfx->renderer, res->pipelines[i]);
-    }
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < res->bindings_count; i++) {
-        pxl8_destroy_bindings(gfx->renderer, res->bindings[i]);
-    }
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < res->texture_count; i++) {
-        pxl8_destroy_texture(gfx->renderer, res->textures[i]);
-    }
-
-    pxl8_destroy_pass(gfx->renderer, gfx->frame_pass);
-    gfx->frame_pass = (pxl8_gfx_pass){PXL8_GFX_INVALID_ID};
-
-    res->buffer_count = 0;
-    res->pipeline_count = 0;
-    res->bindings_count = 0;
-    res->texture_count = 0;
 }
 
 u8* pxl8_3d_get_framebuffer(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
     if (!gfx) return NULL;
-    return (u8*)pxl8_texture_get_data(gfx->renderer, gfx_current_color(gfx));
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            return pxl8_cpu_get_framebuffer(gfx->backend.cpu);
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            return NULL;
+    }
+    return NULL;
 }
 
 bool pxl8_gfx_push_target(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    if (!gfx || gfx->target_stack_depth >= PXL8_MAX_TARGET_STACK) return false;
-
-    pxl8_gfx_texture_desc color_desc = {
-        .width = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_width,
-        .height = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_height,
-        .format = PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8,
-        .render_target = true,
-    };
-    pxl8_gfx_texture new_color = pxl8_create_texture(gfx->renderer, &color_desc);
-
-    pxl8_gfx_texture_desc depth_desc = {
-        .width = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_width,
-        .height = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_height,
-        .format = PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_DEPTH16,
-        .render_target = true,
-    };
-    pxl8_gfx_texture new_depth = pxl8_create_texture(gfx->renderer, &depth_desc);
-
-    pxl8_gfx_texture_desc light_desc = {
-        .width = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_width,
-        .height = (u32)gfx->framebuffer_height,
-        .format = PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_LIGHT_ACCUM,
-        .render_target = true,
-    };
-    pxl8_gfx_texture new_light = pxl8_create_texture(gfx->renderer, &light_desc);
-
-    gfx->target_stack[gfx->target_stack_depth] = (pxl8_target_entry){
-        .color = new_color,
-        .depth = new_depth,
-        .light = new_light,
-    };
-    gfx->target_stack_depth++;
-
-    return true;
+    if (!gfx) return false;
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            return pxl8_cpu_push_target(gfx->backend.cpu);
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            return false;
+    }
+    return false;
 }
 
 void pxl8_gfx_pop_target(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    if (!gfx || gfx->target_stack_depth <= 1) return;
-
-    u32 top = gfx->target_stack_depth - 1;
-    pxl8_target_entry* entry = &gfx->target_stack[top];
-    pxl8_target_entry* parent = &gfx->target_stack[top - 1];
-
-    gfx_composite_over(gfx, entry, parent);
-
-    gfx->target_stack_depth--;
-
-    pxl8_destroy_texture(gfx->renderer, entry->color);
-    pxl8_destroy_texture(gfx->renderer, entry->depth);
-    pxl8_destroy_texture(gfx->renderer, entry->light);
+    if (!gfx) return;
+    switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+            pxl8_cpu_pop_target(gfx->backend.cpu);
+            break;
+        case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+            break;
+    }
 }
 
 void pxl8_gfx_ensure_blend_tables(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
@@ -1040,6 +797,9 @@ void pxl8_gfx_ensure_blend_tables(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
 
     if (!gfx->palette_cube) {
         gfx->palette_cube = pxl8_palette_cube_create(gfx->palette);
+        if (gfx->backend.cpu) {
+            pxl8_cpu_set_palette_cube(gfx->backend.cpu, gfx->palette_cube);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -1050,6 +810,9 @@ void pxl8_gfx_blend_tables_update(pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
 
     if (gfx->palette_cube) {
         pxl8_palette_cube_rebuild(gfx->palette_cube, gfx->palette);
+        if (gfx->backend.cpu) {
+            pxl8_cpu_set_palette_cube(gfx->backend.cpu, gfx->palette_cube);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -1075,14 +838,20 @@ u8 pxl8_gfx_ui_color(pxl8_gfx* gfx, u8 index) {
     return pxl8_palette_find_closest(gfx->palette, r, g, b);
 }
 
-void pxl8_gfx_set_wireframe(pxl8_gfx* gfx, bool enabled) {
-    if (gfx) gfx->wireframe = enabled;
-}
+void pxl8_gfx_apply_effect(pxl8_gfx* gfx, pxl8_gfx_effect effect, const void* params, u32 count) {
+    if (!gfx || !params || count == 0) return;
 
-bool pxl8_gfx_get_wireframe(const pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    return gfx ? gfx->wireframe : false;
-}
-
-u8 pxl8_gfx_get_ambient(const pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    return gfx ? gfx->frame.uniforms.ambient : 0;
+    switch (effect) {
+        case PXL8_GFX_EFFECT_GLOWS: {
+            const pxl8_glow* glows = (const pxl8_glow*)params;
+            switch (gfx->backend.type) {
+                case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_CPU:
+                    pxl8_cpu_render_glows(gfx->backend.cpu, glows, count);
+                    break;
+                case PXL8_GFX_BACKEND_GPU:
+                    break;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx.h
index 8a09a33..cd53b5c 100644
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx.h
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx.h
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 #include "pxl8_gui_palette.h"
 
 typedef struct pxl8_gfx pxl8_gfx;
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_stats pxl8_gfx_stats;
 
 typedef enum pxl8_gfx_effect {
     PXL8_GFX_EFFECT_GLOWS = 0,
@@ -26,8 +25,6 @@ void pxl8_gfx_destroy(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
 void pxl8_gfx_present(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
 void pxl8_gfx_update(pxl8_gfx* gfx, f32 dt);
 void pxl8_gfx_upload_framebuffer(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
-void pxl8_gfx_reset_stats(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
-const pxl8_gfx_stats* pxl8_gfx_get_stats(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
 
 u8 pxl8_gfx_find_color(pxl8_gfx* gfx, u32 color);
 
@@ -65,11 +62,6 @@ void pxl8_gfx_ensure_blend_tables(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
 u8 pxl8_gfx_find_closest_color(pxl8_gfx* gfx, u8 r, u8 g, u8 b);
 u8 pxl8_gfx_ui_color(pxl8_gfx* gfx, u8 index);
 
-void pxl8_gfx_set_wireframe(pxl8_gfx* gfx, bool enabled);
-bool pxl8_gfx_get_wireframe(const pxl8_gfx* gfx);
-
-u8 pxl8_gfx_get_ambient(const pxl8_gfx* gfx);
-
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx3d.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx3d.h
index d5e2689..bf964c2 100644
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx3d.h
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_gfx3d.h
@@ -4,20 +4,39 @@
 #include "pxl8_lights.h"
 #include "pxl8_math.h"
 #include "pxl8_mesh.h"
-#include "pxl8_shader.h"
 #include "pxl8_types.h"
 
 typedef struct pxl8_bsp pxl8_bsp;
 typedef struct pxl8_gfx pxl8_gfx;
 
+typedef struct pxl8_3d_uniforms {
+    u8 ambient;
+    pxl8_vec3 celestial_dir;
+    f32 celestial_intensity;
+    u8 fog_color;
+    f32 fog_density;
+    f32 time;
+} pxl8_3d_uniforms;
+
+typedef struct pxl8_3d_frame_desc {
+    const pxl8_bsp* bsp;
+    const pxl8_3d_camera* camera;
+    const pxl8_lights* lights;
+    const pxl8_sdf* sdf;
+    pxl8_3d_uniforms uniforms;
+} pxl8_3d_frame_desc;
+
 typedef struct pxl8_3d_frame {
     const pxl8_bsp* bsp;
     pxl8_vec3 camera_dir;
     pxl8_vec3 camera_pos;
     f32 far_clip;
+    const pxl8_light* lights;
+    u32 lights_count;
     f32 near_clip;
     pxl8_mat4 projection;
-    pxl8_shader_uniforms uniforms;
+    const pxl8_sdf* sdf;
+    pxl8_3d_uniforms uniforms;
     pxl8_mat4 view;
 } pxl8_3d_frame;
 
@@ -26,7 +45,8 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 void pxl8_3d_set_bsp(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_bsp* bsp);
-void pxl8_3d_begin_frame(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_3d_camera* camera, const pxl8_lights* lights, const pxl8_shader_uniforms* uniforms);
+void pxl8_3d_set_sdf(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_sdf* sdf);
+void pxl8_3d_begin_frame(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_3d_camera* camera, const pxl8_lights* lights, const pxl8_3d_uniforms* uniforms);
 void pxl8_3d_clear(pxl8_gfx* gfx, u8 color);
 void pxl8_3d_clear_depth(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
 void pxl8_3d_draw_line(pxl8_gfx* gfx, pxl8_vec3 v0, pxl8_vec3 v1, u8 color);
@@ -37,7 +57,7 @@ const pxl8_frustum* pxl8_3d_get_frustum(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
 const pxl8_mat4* pxl8_3d_get_view_proj(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
 u32 pxl8_3d_project_points(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_vec3* in, pxl8_vec3* out, u32 count, const pxl8_mat4* transform);
 
-pxl8_3d_frame pxl8_3d_frame_from_camera(const pxl8_3d_camera* camera, const pxl8_shader_uniforms* uniforms);
+pxl8_3d_frame pxl8_3d_frame_from_camera(const pxl8_3d_camera* camera, const pxl8_3d_uniforms* uniforms);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_lights.c b/src/gfx/pxl8_lights.c
index 17bffc5..429ef14 100644
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_lights.c
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_lights.c
@@ -48,36 +48,6 @@ void pxl8_lights_add(pxl8_lights* lights, f32 x, f32 y, f32 z, u8 r, u8 g, u8 b,
     l->radius = radius;
     l->radius_sq = radius_sq;
     l->inv_radius_sq = radius_sq > 0.0f ? 1.0f / radius_sq : 0.0f;
-
-    l->constant = 1.0f;
-    if (radius <= 7.0f) {
-        l->linear = 0.7f;
-        l->quadratic = 1.8f;
-    } else if (radius <= 13.0f) {
-        l->linear = 0.35f;
-        l->quadratic = 0.44f;
-    } else if (radius <= 20.0f) {
-        l->linear = 0.22f;
-        l->quadratic = 0.20f;
-    } else if (radius <= 32.0f) {
-        l->linear = 0.14f;
-        l->quadratic = 0.07f;
-    } else if (radius <= 50.0f) {
-        l->linear = 0.09f;
-        l->quadratic = 0.032f;
-    } else if (radius <= 65.0f) {
-        l->linear = 0.07f;
-        l->quadratic = 0.017f;
-    } else if (radius <= 100.0f) {
-        l->linear = 0.045f;
-        l->quadratic = 0.0075f;
-    } else if (radius <= 160.0f) {
-        l->linear = 0.027f;
-        l->quadratic = 0.0028f;
-    } else {
-        l->linear = 0.022f;
-        l->quadratic = 0.0019f;
-    }
 }
 
 void pxl8_lights_clear(pxl8_lights* lights) {
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_lights.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_lights.h
index 2be0c6b..4a445bd 100644
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_lights.h
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_lights.h
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ typedef struct pxl8_light {
     u8 intensity;
     f32 radius;
     f32 radius_sq;
-    f32 constant;
-    f32 linear;
-    f32 quadratic;
 } pxl8_light;
 
 typedef struct pxl8_lights pxl8_lights;
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_mesh.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_mesh.h
index ddc8b4f..cb85ab0 100644
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_mesh.h
+++ b/src/gfx/pxl8_mesh.h
@@ -31,8 +31,10 @@ typedef struct pxl8_gfx_material {
     bool dither;
     bool double_sided;
     bool dynamic_lighting;
-    bool emissive;
     bool per_pixel;
+    bool vertex_color_passthrough;
+    bool wireframe;
+    f32 emissive_intensity;
 } pxl8_gfx_material;
 
 typedef struct pxl8_vertex {
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_render.c b/src/gfx/pxl8_render.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a5e355..0000000
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_render.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1502 +0,0 @@
-#include "pxl8_render.h"
-#include "pxl8_atlas.h"
-#include "pxl8_colormap.h"
-#include "pxl8_dither.h"
-#include "pxl8_hal.h"
-#include "pxl8_log.h"
-#include "pxl8_mem.h"
-#include "pxl8_mesh.h"
-#include "pxl8_shader.h"
-
-#include <math.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#if PXL8_GFX_ENABLE_STATS
-#define STATS_INC(stats, field, val) do { (stats)->field += (val); } while (0)
-#define STATS_START() pxl8_get_ticks_ns()
-#define STATS_ADD(stats, field, start) do { (stats)->field += pxl8_get_ticks_ns() - (start); } while (0)
-#else
-#define STATS_INC(stats, field, val) do { (void)(stats); } while (0)
-#define STATS_START() 0
-#define STATS_ADD(stats, field, start) do { (void)(stats); (void)(start); } while (0)
-#endif
-
-typedef struct {
-    pxl8_vec4 clip_pos;
-    pxl8_vec3 world_pos;
-    pxl8_vec3 normal;
-    f32 u, v;
-    u8 color;
-    u8 light;
-} raster_vertex;
-
-typedef struct {
-    pxl8_vec3 p0, p1, p2;
-    pxl8_vec3 w_recip;
-    pxl8_vec3 u_w, v_w;
-    pxl8_vec3 l_w;
-    pxl8_vec3 c_w;
-    pxl8_vec3 world0_w, world1_w, world2_w;
-    pxl8_vec3 normal;
-    i32 y_start, y_end;
-    f32 inv_total;
-    u32 target_width, target_height;
-    i32 clip_min_x, clip_min_y;
-    i32 clip_max_x, clip_max_y;
-} tri_setup;
-
-static inline bool depth_test_pass(pxl8_gfx_compare_func func, u16 src, u16 dst) {
-    switch (func) {
-        case PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_NEVER: return false;
-        case PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_LESS: return src < dst;
-        case PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_EQUAL: return src == dst;
-        case PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_LEQUAL: return src <= dst;
-        case PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_GREATER: return src > dst;
-        case PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_NOTEQUAL: return src != dst;
-        case PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_GEQUAL: return src >= dst;
-        case PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_ALWAYS: return true;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-static inline f32 blend_factor_value(pxl8_gfx_blend_factor factor, f32 src_a, f32 dst_a) {
-    switch (factor) {
-        case PXL8_GFX_BLEND_ZERO: return 0.0f;
-        case PXL8_GFX_BLEND_ONE: return 1.0f;
-        case PXL8_GFX_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA: return src_a;
-        case PXL8_GFX_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA: return 1.0f - src_a;
-        case PXL8_GFX_BLEND_DST_ALPHA: return dst_a;
-        case PXL8_GFX_BLEND_INV_DST_ALPHA: return 1.0f - dst_a;
-    }
-    return 1.0f;
-}
-
-static u8 palette_find_closest(const u32* palette, u8 r, u8 g, u8 b) {
-    if (!palette) return 0;
-    u8 best_idx = 1;
-    u32 best_dist = 0xFFFFFFFF;
-    for (u32 i = 1; i < 256; i++) {
-        u8 pr = palette[i] & 0xFF;
-        u8 pg = (palette[i] >> 8) & 0xFF;
-        u8 pb = (palette[i] >> 16) & 0xFF;
-        i32 dr = (i32)r - (i32)pr;
-        i32 dg = (i32)g - (i32)pg;
-        i32 db = (i32)b - (i32)pb;
-        u32 dist = (u32)(dr * dr + dg * dg + db * db);
-        if (dist < best_dist) {
-            best_dist = dist;
-            best_idx = (u8)i;
-            if (dist == 0) break;
-        }
-    }
-    return best_idx;
-}
-
-static u8 blend_indexed(
-    const pxl8_gfx_pipeline_desc* pipeline,
-    u8 src,
-    u8 dst,
-    const u32* palette,
-    const u8* colormap
-) {
-    (void)colormap;
-    if (!pipeline || !pipeline->blend.enabled) return src;
-    if (src == 0) return dst;
-    if (!palette) return src;
-
-    f32 src_a = src == 0 ? 0.0f : 1.0f;
-    f32 dst_a = dst == 0 ? 0.0f : 1.0f;
-    f32 sf = blend_factor_value(pipeline->blend.src, src_a, dst_a);
-    f32 df = blend_factor_value(pipeline->blend.dst, src_a, dst_a);
-
-    if (sf == 1.0f && df == 0.0f) return src;
-    if (sf == 0.0f && df == 1.0f) return dst;
-
-    u8 sr = palette[src] & 0xFF;
-    u8 sg = (palette[src] >> 8) & 0xFF;
-    u8 sb = (palette[src] >> 16) & 0xFF;
-
-    u8 dr = palette[dst] & 0xFF;
-    u8 dg = (palette[dst] >> 8) & 0xFF;
-    u8 db = (palette[dst] >> 16) & 0xFF;
-
-    i32 out_r = (i32)(sr * sf + dr * df);
-    i32 out_g = (i32)(sg * sf + dg * df);
-    i32 out_b = (i32)(sb * sf + db * df);
-
-    if (out_r < 0) out_r = 0;
-    if (out_g < 0) out_g = 0;
-    if (out_b < 0) out_b = 0;
-    if (out_r > 255) out_r = 255;
-    if (out_g > 255) out_g = 255;
-    if (out_b > 255) out_b = 255;
-
-    return palette_find_closest(palette, (u8)out_r, (u8)out_g, (u8)out_b);
-}
-
-static inline pxl8_vec4 vec4_lerp(pxl8_vec4 a, pxl8_vec4 b, f32 t) {
-    return (pxl8_vec4){
-        a.x + (b.x - a.x) * t,
-        a.y + (b.y - a.y) * t,
-        a.z + (b.z - a.z) * t,
-        a.w + (b.w - a.w) * t
-    };
-}
-
-static raster_vertex lerp_raster_vertex(const raster_vertex* a, const raster_vertex* b, f32 t) {
-    return (raster_vertex){
-        .clip_pos = vec4_lerp(a->clip_pos, b->clip_pos, t),
-        .world_pos = pxl8_vec3_lerp(a->world_pos, b->world_pos, t),
-        .normal = pxl8_vec3_lerp(a->normal, b->normal, t),
-        .u = pxl8_lerp(a->u, b->u, t),
-        .v = pxl8_lerp(a->v, b->v, t),
-        .color = (u8)(a->color + (b->color - a->color) * t),
-        .light = (u8)(a->light + (b->light - a->light) * t),
-    };
-}
-
-static i32 clip_triangle_near(
-    const raster_vertex* v0, const raster_vertex* v1, const raster_vertex* v2,
-    f32 near, raster_vertex out[6]
-) {
-    bool in0 = v0->clip_pos.w >= near;
-    bool in1 = v1->clip_pos.w >= near;
-    bool in2 = v2->clip_pos.w >= near;
-    i32 count = in0 + in1 + in2;
-
-    if (count == 0) return 0;
-    if (count == 3) {
-        out[0] = *v0; out[1] = *v1; out[2] = *v2;
-        return 3;
-    }
-
-    if (count == 1) {
-        const raster_vertex *inside, *out_a, *out_b;
-        if (in0) { inside = v0; out_a = v1; out_b = v2; }
-        else if (in1) { inside = v1; out_a = v2; out_b = v0; }
-        else { inside = v2; out_a = v0; out_b = v1; }
-
-        f32 t_a = (near - out_a->clip_pos.w) / (inside->clip_pos.w - out_a->clip_pos.w);
-        f32 t_b = (near - out_b->clip_pos.w) / (inside->clip_pos.w - out_b->clip_pos.w);
-
-        out[0] = *inside;
-        out[1] = lerp_raster_vertex(out_a, inside, t_a);
-        out[2] = lerp_raster_vertex(out_b, inside, t_b);
-        return 3;
-    }
-
-    const raster_vertex *outside, *in_a, *in_b;
-    if (!in0) { outside = v0; in_a = v1; in_b = v2; }
-    else if (!in1) { outside = v1; in_a = v2; in_b = v0; }
-    else { outside = v2; in_a = v0; in_b = v1; }
-
-    f32 t_a = (near - outside->clip_pos.w) / (in_a->clip_pos.w - outside->clip_pos.w);
-    f32 t_b = (near - outside->clip_pos.w) / (in_b->clip_pos.w - outside->clip_pos.w);
-
-    raster_vertex new_a = lerp_raster_vertex(outside, in_a, t_a);
-    raster_vertex new_b = lerp_raster_vertex(outside, in_b, t_b);
-
-    out[0] = *in_a; out[1] = *in_b; out[2] = new_b;
-    out[3] = *in_a; out[4] = new_b; out[5] = new_a;
-    return 6;
-}
-
-static bool setup_tri(
-    tri_setup* setup,
-    const raster_vertex* vo0, const raster_vertex* vo1, const raster_vertex* vo2,
-    i32 viewport_x, i32 viewport_y, u32 viewport_w, u32 viewport_h,
-    i32 clip_min_x, i32 clip_min_y, i32 clip_max_x, i32 clip_max_y,
-    pxl8_gfx_cull_mode cull, bool double_sided
-) {
-    if (viewport_w == 0 || viewport_h == 0) return false;
-
-    f32 hw = (f32)viewport_w * 0.5f;
-    f32 hh = (f32)viewport_h * 0.5f;
-
-    setup->p0.x = (f32)viewport_x + hw + vo0->clip_pos.x / vo0->clip_pos.w * hw;
-    setup->p0.y = (f32)viewport_y + hh - vo0->clip_pos.y / vo0->clip_pos.w * hh;
-    setup->p0.z = vo0->clip_pos.z / vo0->clip_pos.w;
-
-    setup->p1.x = (f32)viewport_x + hw + vo1->clip_pos.x / vo1->clip_pos.w * hw;
-    setup->p1.y = (f32)viewport_y + hh - vo1->clip_pos.y / vo1->clip_pos.w * hh;
-    setup->p1.z = vo1->clip_pos.z / vo1->clip_pos.w;
-
-    setup->p2.x = (f32)viewport_x + hw + vo2->clip_pos.x / vo2->clip_pos.w * hw;
-    setup->p2.y = (f32)viewport_y + hh - vo2->clip_pos.y / vo2->clip_pos.w * hh;
-    setup->p2.z = vo2->clip_pos.z / vo2->clip_pos.w;
-
-    f32 cross = (setup->p1.x - setup->p0.x) * (setup->p2.y - setup->p0.y) -
-                (setup->p1.y - setup->p0.y) * (setup->p2.x - setup->p0.x);
-    if (!double_sided) {
-        if (cull == PXL8_GFX_CULL_BACK && cross >= 0.0f) return false;
-        if (cull == PXL8_GFX_CULL_FRONT && cross <= 0.0f) return false;
-    }
-
-    const raster_vertex* sorted[3] = {vo0, vo1, vo2};
-
-    if (setup->p0.y > setup->p1.y) {
-        pxl8_vec3 t = setup->p0; setup->p0 = setup->p1; setup->p1 = t;
-        const raster_vertex* tv = sorted[0]; sorted[0] = sorted[1]; sorted[1] = tv;
-    }
-    if (setup->p0.y > setup->p2.y) {
-        pxl8_vec3 t = setup->p0; setup->p0 = setup->p2; setup->p2 = t;
-        const raster_vertex* tv = sorted[0]; sorted[0] = sorted[2]; sorted[2] = tv;
-    }
-    if (setup->p1.y > setup->p2.y) {
-        pxl8_vec3 t = setup->p1; setup->p1 = setup->p2; setup->p2 = t;
-        const raster_vertex* tv = sorted[1]; sorted[1] = sorted[2]; sorted[2] = tv;
-    }
-
-    f32 total_height = setup->p2.y - setup->p0.y;
-    if (total_height < 1.0f) return false;
-
-    i32 y0_int = (i32)floorf(setup->p0.y);
-    i32 y2_int = (i32)ceilf(setup->p2.y) - 1;
-    setup->y_start = y0_int < clip_min_y ? clip_min_y : y0_int;
-    setup->y_end = y2_int > clip_max_y ? clip_max_y : y2_int;
-
-    setup->w_recip.x = 1.0f / sorted[0]->clip_pos.w;
-    setup->w_recip.y = 1.0f / sorted[1]->clip_pos.w;
-    setup->w_recip.z = 1.0f / sorted[2]->clip_pos.w;
-
-    setup->u_w.x = sorted[0]->u * setup->w_recip.x;
-    setup->v_w.x = sorted[0]->v * setup->w_recip.x;
-    setup->u_w.y = sorted[1]->u * setup->w_recip.y;
-    setup->v_w.y = sorted[1]->v * setup->w_recip.y;
-    setup->u_w.z = sorted[2]->u * setup->w_recip.z;
-    setup->v_w.z = sorted[2]->v * setup->w_recip.z;
-
-    setup->l_w.x = sorted[0]->light * setup->w_recip.x;
-    setup->l_w.y = sorted[1]->light * setup->w_recip.y;
-    setup->l_w.z = sorted[2]->light * setup->w_recip.z;
-
-    setup->c_w.x = (f32)sorted[0]->color * setup->w_recip.x;
-    setup->c_w.y = (f32)sorted[1]->color * setup->w_recip.y;
-    setup->c_w.z = (f32)sorted[2]->color * setup->w_recip.z;
-
-    setup->world0_w = pxl8_vec3_scale(sorted[0]->world_pos, setup->w_recip.x);
-    setup->world1_w = pxl8_vec3_scale(sorted[1]->world_pos, setup->w_recip.y);
-    setup->world2_w = pxl8_vec3_scale(sorted[2]->world_pos, setup->w_recip.z);
-
-    setup->normal = sorted[0]->normal;
-
-    setup->inv_total = 1.0f / total_height;
-    setup->target_width = viewport_w;
-    setup->target_height = viewport_h;
-    setup->clip_min_x = clip_min_x;
-    setup->clip_min_y = clip_min_y;
-    setup->clip_max_x = clip_max_x;
-    setup->clip_max_y = clip_max_y;
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-static void rasterize_triangle(
-    const tri_setup* setup,
-    u8* fb,
-    u16* zb,
-    u32* light_accum,
-    u32 fb_width,
-    pxl8_shader_fn shader,
-    const pxl8_gfx_pipeline_desc* pipeline,
-    const pxl8_shader_bindings* bindings,
-    const pxl8_shader_uniforms* uniforms,
-    pxl8_gfx_stats* stats
-) {
-    const i32 SUBDIV = 16;
-
-    if (setup->y_start > setup->y_end) return;
-
-    bool depth_test = pipeline && pipeline->depth.test;
-    bool depth_write = pipeline && pipeline->depth.write;
-    pxl8_gfx_compare_func depth_compare = pipeline ? pipeline->depth.compare : PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_ALWAYS;
-    bool alpha_test = pipeline && pipeline->blend.alpha_test;
-    u8 alpha_ref = pipeline ? pipeline->blend.alpha_ref : 0;
-    bool blend_enabled = pipeline && pipeline->blend.enabled;
-    const u32* palette = bindings ? bindings->palette : NULL;
-    const u8* colormap = bindings ? bindings->colormap : NULL;
-
-    for (i32 y = setup->y_start; y <= setup->y_end; y++) {
-        f32 yf = (f32)y + 0.5f;
-        f32 alpha = (yf - setup->p0.y) * setup->inv_total;
-
-        f32 ax = setup->p0.x + (setup->p2.x - setup->p0.x) * alpha;
-        f32 az = setup->p0.z + (setup->p2.z - setup->p0.z) * alpha;
-        f32 a_wr = setup->w_recip.x + (setup->w_recip.z - setup->w_recip.x) * alpha;
-        f32 a_uw = setup->u_w.x + (setup->u_w.z - setup->u_w.x) * alpha;
-        f32 a_vw = setup->v_w.x + (setup->v_w.z - setup->v_w.x) * alpha;
-        f32 a_lw = setup->l_w.x + (setup->l_w.z - setup->l_w.x) * alpha;
-        f32 a_cw = setup->c_w.x + (setup->c_w.z - setup->c_w.x) * alpha;
-        f32 a_wxw = setup->world0_w.x + (setup->world2_w.x - setup->world0_w.x) * alpha;
-        f32 a_wyw = setup->world0_w.y + (setup->world2_w.y - setup->world0_w.y) * alpha;
-        f32 a_wzw = setup->world0_w.z + (setup->world2_w.z - setup->world0_w.z) * alpha;
-
-        f32 bx, bz, b_wr, b_uw, b_vw, b_lw, b_cw, b_wxw, b_wyw, b_wzw;
-        bool second_half = yf > setup->p1.y || setup->p1.y == setup->p0.y;
-        f32 segment_height = second_half ? (setup->p2.y - setup->p1.y) : (setup->p1.y - setup->p0.y);
-        if (segment_height < 0.001f) segment_height = 0.001f;
-
-        f32 beta = (yf - (second_half ? setup->p1.y : setup->p0.y)) / segment_height;
-        if (beta < 0.0f) beta = 0.0f;
-        if (beta > 1.0f) beta = 1.0f;
-
-        if (second_half) {
-            bx = setup->p1.x + (setup->p2.x - setup->p1.x) * beta;
-            bz = setup->p1.z + (setup->p2.z - setup->p1.z) * beta;
-            b_wr = setup->w_recip.y + (setup->w_recip.z - setup->w_recip.y) * beta;
-            b_uw = setup->u_w.y + (setup->u_w.z - setup->u_w.y) * beta;
-            b_vw = setup->v_w.y + (setup->v_w.z - setup->v_w.y) * beta;
-            b_lw = setup->l_w.y + (setup->l_w.z - setup->l_w.y) * beta;
-            b_cw = setup->c_w.y + (setup->c_w.z - setup->c_w.y) * beta;
-            b_wxw = setup->world1_w.x + (setup->world2_w.x - setup->world1_w.x) * beta;
-            b_wyw = setup->world1_w.y + (setup->world2_w.y - setup->world1_w.y) * beta;
-            b_wzw = setup->world1_w.z + (setup->world2_w.z - setup->world1_w.z) * beta;
-        } else {
-            bx = setup->p0.x + (setup->p1.x - setup->p0.x) * beta;
-            bz = setup->p0.z + (setup->p1.z - setup->p0.z) * beta;
-            b_wr = setup->w_recip.x + (setup->w_recip.y - setup->w_recip.x) * beta;
-            b_uw = setup->u_w.x + (setup->u_w.y - setup->u_w.x) * beta;
-            b_vw = setup->v_w.x + (setup->v_w.y - setup->v_w.x) * beta;
-            b_lw = setup->l_w.x + (setup->l_w.y - setup->l_w.x) * beta;
-            b_cw = setup->c_w.x + (setup->c_w.y - setup->c_w.x) * beta;
-            b_wxw = setup->world0_w.x + (setup->world1_w.x - setup->world0_w.x) * beta;
-            b_wyw = setup->world0_w.y + (setup->world1_w.y - setup->world0_w.y) * beta;
-            b_wzw = setup->world0_w.z + (setup->world1_w.z - setup->world0_w.z) * beta;
-        }
-
-        f32 x_start_fp, x_end_fp, z_start, z_end;
-        f32 wr_start, wr_end, uw_start, uw_end, vw_start, vw_end, lw_start, lw_end, cw_start, cw_end;
-        f32 wxw_start, wxw_end, wyw_start, wyw_end, wzw_start, wzw_end;
-
-        if (ax <= bx) {
-            x_start_fp = ax; x_end_fp = bx; z_start = az; z_end = bz;
-            wr_start = a_wr; wr_end = b_wr;
-            uw_start = a_uw; uw_end = b_uw;
-            vw_start = a_vw; vw_end = b_vw;
-            lw_start = a_lw; lw_end = b_lw;
-            cw_start = a_cw; cw_end = b_cw;
-            wxw_start = a_wxw; wxw_end = b_wxw;
-            wyw_start = a_wyw; wyw_end = b_wyw;
-            wzw_start = a_wzw; wzw_end = b_wzw;
-        } else {
-            x_start_fp = bx; x_end_fp = ax; z_start = bz; z_end = az;
-            wr_start = b_wr; wr_end = a_wr;
-            uw_start = b_uw; uw_end = a_uw;
-            vw_start = b_vw; vw_end = a_vw;
-            lw_start = b_lw; lw_end = a_lw;
-            cw_start = b_cw; cw_end = a_cw;
-            wxw_start = b_wxw; wxw_end = a_wxw;
-            wyw_start = b_wyw; wyw_end = a_wyw;
-            wzw_start = b_wzw; wzw_end = a_wzw;
-        }
-
-        i32 x_start = (i32)floorf(x_start_fp);
-        i32 x_end = (i32)ceilf(x_end_fp) - 1;
-        if (x_start < setup->clip_min_x) x_start = setup->clip_min_x;
-        if (x_end > setup->clip_max_x) x_end = setup->clip_max_x;
-        if (x_start > x_end) continue;
-
-        f32 span_width = x_end_fp - x_start_fp;
-        if (span_width < 1.0f) span_width = 1.0f;
-        f32 inv_width = 1.0f / span_width;
-
-        f32 dz = (z_end - z_start) * inv_width;
-        f32 dwr = (wr_end - wr_start) * inv_width;
-        f32 duw = (uw_end - uw_start) * inv_width;
-        f32 dvw = (vw_end - vw_start) * inv_width;
-        f32 dlw = (lw_end - lw_start) * inv_width;
-        f32 dcw = (cw_end - cw_start) * inv_width;
-        f32 dwxw = (wxw_end - wxw_start) * inv_width;
-        f32 dwyw = (wyw_end - wyw_start) * inv_width;
-        f32 dwzw = (wzw_end - wzw_start) * inv_width;
-
-        f32 skip = (f32)x_start + 0.5f - x_start_fp;
-        f32 z = z_start + dz * skip;
-        f32 wr = wr_start + dwr * skip;
-        f32 uw = uw_start + duw * skip;
-        f32 vw = vw_start + dvw * skip;
-        f32 lw = lw_start + dlw * skip;
-        f32 cw = cw_start + dcw * skip;
-        f32 wxw = wxw_start + dwxw * skip;
-        f32 wyw = wyw_start + dwyw * skip;
-        f32 wzw = wzw_start + dwzw * skip;
-
-        u32 row_start = (u32)y * fb_width;
-        u8* prow = fb + row_start;
-        u16* zrow = zb + row_start;
-        u32* lrow = light_accum ? light_accum + row_start : NULL;
-
-        i32 x = x_start;
-        while (x <= x_end) {
-            i32 span_end = x + SUBDIV - 1;
-            if (span_end > x_end) span_end = x_end;
-            i32 span_len = span_end - x + 1;
-
-            f32 pw_start = pxl8_fast_rcp(wr);
-            f32 pw_end = pxl8_fast_rcp(wr + dwr * (f32)span_len);
-
-            f32 u_start = uw * pw_start;
-            f32 v_start = vw * pw_start;
-            f32 u_end = (uw + duw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
-            f32 v_end = (vw + dvw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
-
-            f32 l_start_fp = pxl8_clamp(lw * pw_start, 0.0f, 255.0f);
-            f32 l_end_fp = pxl8_clamp((lw + dlw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end, 0.0f, 255.0f);
-            f32 c_start_fp = pxl8_clamp(cw * pw_start, 0.0f, 255.0f);
-            f32 c_end_fp = pxl8_clamp((cw + dcw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end, 0.0f, 255.0f);
-
-            f32 wx_start = wxw * pw_start;
-            f32 wy_start = wyw * pw_start;
-            f32 wz_start = wzw * pw_start;
-            f32 wx_end = (wxw + dwxw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
-            f32 wy_end = (wyw + dwyw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
-            f32 wz_end = (wzw + dwzw * (f32)span_len) * pw_end;
-
-            f32 inv_span = span_len > 1 ? 1.0f / (f32)(span_len - 1) : 0.0f;
-            f32 du = (u_end - u_start) * inv_span;
-            f32 dv = (v_end - v_start) * inv_span;
-            f32 dl = (l_end_fp - l_start_fp) * inv_span;
-            f32 dc = (c_end_fp - c_start_fp) * inv_span;
-            f32 dwx = (wx_end - wx_start) * inv_span;
-            f32 dwy = (wy_end - wy_start) * inv_span;
-            f32 dwz = (wz_end - wz_start) * inv_span;
-
-            f32 u_a = u_start;
-            f32 v_a = v_start;
-            f32 l_a = l_start_fp;
-            f32 c_a = c_start_fp;
-            f32 z_a = z;
-            f32 wx_a = wx_start;
-            f32 wy_a = wy_start;
-            f32 wz_a = wz_start;
-
-            for (i32 px = x; px <= span_end; px++) {
-                f32 depth_norm = pxl8_clamp((z_a + 1.0f) * 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
-                u16 z16 = (u16)(depth_norm * 65535.0f);
-
-                STATS_INC(stats, depth_tests, 1);
-                bool depth_pass = !depth_test || depth_test_pass(depth_compare, z16, zrow[px]);
-                if (depth_pass) {
-                    STATS_INC(stats, depth_passes, 1);
-                    pxl8_shader_ctx frag_ctx = {
-                        .x = px,
-                        .y = y,
-                        .v_uv = { { u_a, v_a } },
-                        .v_world = { wx_a, wy_a, wz_a },
-                        .v_normal = setup->normal,
-                        .v_light = l_a / 255.0f,
-                        .v_color = c_a,
-                        .v_depth = z_a,
-                        .out_light_color = 0,
-                    };
-
-                    u8 color = shader(&frag_ctx, bindings, uniforms);
-                    STATS_INC(stats, shader_calls, 1);
-
-                    if (!(alpha_test && color <= alpha_ref)) {
-                        if (color != 0) {
-                            u8 out_color = color;
-                            if (blend_enabled) {
-                                out_color = blend_indexed(pipeline, color, prow[px], palette, colormap);
-                            }
-
-                            prow[px] = out_color;
-                            if (depth_write) {
-                                zrow[px] = z16;
-                            }
-                            STATS_INC(stats, pixels_written, 1);
-                            if (lrow && frag_ctx.out_light_color != 0) {
-                                lrow[px] = frag_ctx.out_light_color;
-                                STATS_INC(stats, light_writes, 1);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                u_a += du;
-                v_a += dv;
-                l_a += dl;
-                c_a += dc;
-                z_a += dz;
-                wx_a += dwx;
-                wy_a += dwy;
-                wz_a += dwz;
-            }
-
-            wr += dwr * (f32)span_len;
-            uw += duw * (f32)span_len;
-            vw += dvw * (f32)span_len;
-            lw += dlw * (f32)span_len;
-            cw += dcw * (f32)span_len;
-            z += dz * (f32)span_len;
-            wxw += dwxw * (f32)span_len;
-            wyw += dwyw * (f32)span_len;
-            wzw += dwzw * (f32)span_len;
-            x = span_end + 1;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-static void draw_line_clipped(
-    u8* fb,
-    u32 fb_w,
-    u32 fb_h,
-    i32 x0,
-    i32 y0,
-    i32 x1,
-    i32 y1,
-    u8 color,
-    i32 clip_min_x,
-    i32 clip_min_y,
-    i32 clip_max_x,
-    i32 clip_max_y,
-    pxl8_gfx_stats* stats
-) {
-    i32 dx = abs(x1 - x0);
-    i32 dy = -abs(y1 - y0);
-    i32 sx = x0 < x1 ? 1 : -1;
-    i32 sy = y0 < y1 ? 1 : -1;
-    i32 err = dx + dy;
-
-    while (true) {
-        if (x0 >= clip_min_x && x0 <= clip_max_x && y0 >= clip_min_y && y0 <= clip_max_y) {
-            if (x0 >= 0 && y0 >= 0 && x0 < (i32)fb_w && y0 < (i32)fb_h) {
-                fb[y0 * (i32)fb_w + x0] = color;
-                STATS_INC(stats, pixels_written, 1);
-            }
-        }
-        if (x0 == x1 && y0 == y1) break;
-        i32 e2 = 2 * err;
-        if (e2 >= dy) { err += dy; x0 += sx; }
-        if (e2 <= dx) { err += dx; y0 += sy; }
-    }
-}
-
-#define SLOT_INDEX(id) ((id) & 0xFFFF)
-#define SLOT_GEN(id) ((id) >> 16)
-#define MAKE_ID(index, gen) (((u32)(gen) << 16) | (u32)(index))
-#define NEXT_GEN(gen) ((u16)((gen) == 0xFFFF ? 1 : (gen) + 1))
-
-typedef struct {
-    pxl8_gfx_bindings_desc desc;
-    u16 generation;
-    bool active;
-} bindings_slot;
-
-typedef struct {
-    void* data;
-    u32 size;
-    u32 append_pos;
-    pxl8_gfx_buffer_type type;
-    pxl8_gfx_usage usage;
-    u16 generation;
-    bool active;
-} buffer_slot;
-
-typedef struct {
-    pxl8_gfx_pass_desc desc;
-    u16 generation;
-    bool active;
-} pass_slot;
-
-#define PXL8_PIPELINE_CACHE_SIZE 64
-
-typedef struct {
-    u32 hash;
-    u32 slot_idx;
-    u32 last_used_frame;
-    bool valid;
-} pipeline_cache_entry;
-
-typedef struct {
-    pxl8_gfx_pipeline_desc desc;
-    u16 generation;
-    bool active;
-    bool cached;
-} pipeline_slot;
-
-typedef struct {
-    void* data;
-    u32 width;
-    u32 height;
-    pxl8_gfx_texture_format format;
-    pxl8_gfx_usage usage;
-    u16 generation;
-    bool active;
-} texture_slot;
-
-struct pxl8_renderer {
-    u32 width;
-    u32 height;
-
-    texture_slot textures[PXL8_GFX_MAX_TEXTURES];
-    buffer_slot buffers[PXL8_GFX_MAX_BUFFERS];
-    pipeline_slot pipelines[PXL8_GFX_MAX_PIPELINES];
-    bindings_slot bindings[PXL8_GFX_MAX_BINDINGS];
-    pass_slot passes[PXL8_GFX_MAX_PASSES];
-
-    pipeline_cache_entry pipeline_cache[PXL8_PIPELINE_CACHE_SIZE];
-    u32 frame_counter;
-
-    pxl8_gfx_pass current_pass;
-    pxl8_gfx_pipeline current_pipeline;
-    pxl8_gfx_bindings current_bindings;
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd_draw_params current_draw_params;
-
-    i32 viewport_x, viewport_y;
-    u32 viewport_w, viewport_h;
-    i32 scissor_x, scissor_y;
-    u32 scissor_w, scissor_h;
-
-    pxl8_shader_fn shader;
-    pxl8_gfx_stats stats;
-};
-
-struct pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf {
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd* commands;
-    u32 capacity;
-    u32 count;
-};
-
-pxl8_renderer* pxl8_renderer_create(u32 width, u32 height) {
-    pxl8_renderer* r = pxl8_calloc(1, sizeof(pxl8_renderer));
-    r->width = width;
-    r->height = height;
-    r->viewport_w = width;
-    r->viewport_h = height;
-    r->scissor_w = width;
-    r->scissor_h = height;
-    pxl8_renderer_reset_stats(r);
-    return r;
-}
-
-void pxl8_renderer_destroy(pxl8_renderer* r) {
-    if (!r) return;
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < PXL8_GFX_MAX_TEXTURES; i++) {
-        if (r->textures[i].data) pxl8_free(r->textures[i].data);
-    }
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < PXL8_GFX_MAX_BUFFERS; i++) {
-        if (r->buffers[i].data) pxl8_free(r->buffers[i].data);
-    }
-    pxl8_free(r);
-}
-
-u32 pxl8_renderer_get_width(const pxl8_renderer* r) {
-    return r ? r->width : 0;
-}
-
-u32 pxl8_renderer_get_height(const pxl8_renderer* r) {
-    return r ? r->height : 0;
-}
-
-void pxl8_renderer_set_shader(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_shader_fn fn) {
-    if (r) r->shader = fn;
-}
-
-void pxl8_renderer_reset_stats(pxl8_renderer* r) {
-    if (!r) return;
-    memset(&r->stats, 0, sizeof(r->stats));
-}
-
-const pxl8_gfx_stats* pxl8_renderer_get_stats(const pxl8_renderer* r) {
-    return r ? &r->stats : NULL;
-}
-
-static u32 texture_byte_size(pxl8_gfx_texture_format fmt, u32 w, u32 h) {
-    switch (fmt) {
-        case PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8: return w * h;
-        case PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_DEPTH16: return w * h * 2;
-        case PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_LIGHT_ACCUM: return w * h * 4;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-pxl8_gfx_texture pxl8_create_texture(pxl8_renderer* r, const pxl8_gfx_texture_desc* desc) {
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < PXL8_GFX_MAX_TEXTURES; i++) {
-        if (!r->textures[i].active) {
-            texture_slot* s = &r->textures[i];
-            u32 size = texture_byte_size(desc->format, desc->width, desc->height);
-            s->data = pxl8_malloc(size);
-            if (desc->data.ptr && desc->data.size >= size) {
-                memcpy(s->data, desc->data.ptr, size);
-            } else {
-                memset(s->data, 0, size);
-            }
-            s->width = desc->width;
-            s->height = desc->height;
-            s->format = desc->format;
-            s->usage = desc->usage;
-            s->generation = NEXT_GEN(s->generation);
-            s->active = true;
-            return (pxl8_gfx_texture){ MAKE_ID(i, s->generation) };
-        }
-    }
-    pxl8_error("Out of texture slots");
-    return (pxl8_gfx_texture){ PXL8_GFX_INVALID_ID };
-}
-
-pxl8_gfx_buffer pxl8_create_buffer(pxl8_renderer* r, const pxl8_gfx_buffer_desc* desc) {
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < PXL8_GFX_MAX_BUFFERS; i++) {
-        if (!r->buffers[i].active) {
-            buffer_slot* s = &r->buffers[i];
-            u32 capacity = desc->capacity > 0 ? desc->capacity : desc->data.size;
-            s->data = pxl8_malloc(capacity);
-            if (desc->data.ptr && desc->data.size > 0) {
-                memcpy(s->data, desc->data.ptr, desc->data.size);
-                if (capacity > desc->data.size) {
-                    memset((u8*)s->data + desc->data.size, 0, capacity - desc->data.size);
-                }
-            } else {
-                memset(s->data, 0, capacity);
-            }
-            s->size = capacity;
-            s->append_pos = 0;
-            s->type = desc->type;
-            s->usage = desc->usage;
-            s->generation = NEXT_GEN(s->generation);
-            s->active = true;
-            return (pxl8_gfx_buffer){ MAKE_ID(i, s->generation) };
-        }
-    }
-    pxl8_error("Out of buffer slots");
-    return (pxl8_gfx_buffer){ PXL8_GFX_INVALID_ID };
-}
-
-pxl8_gfx_pipeline pxl8_create_pipeline(pxl8_renderer* r, const pxl8_gfx_pipeline_desc* desc) {
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < PXL8_GFX_MAX_PIPELINES; i++) {
-        if (!r->pipelines[i].active) {
-            pipeline_slot* s = &r->pipelines[i];
-            s->desc = *desc;
-            s->generation = NEXT_GEN(s->generation);
-            s->active = true;
-            return (pxl8_gfx_pipeline){ MAKE_ID(i, s->generation) };
-        }
-    }
-    pxl8_error("Out of pipeline slots");
-    return (pxl8_gfx_pipeline){ PXL8_GFX_INVALID_ID };
-}
-
-pxl8_gfx_bindings pxl8_create_bindings(pxl8_renderer* r, const pxl8_gfx_bindings_desc* desc) {
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < PXL8_GFX_MAX_BINDINGS; i++) {
-        if (!r->bindings[i].active) {
-            bindings_slot* s = &r->bindings[i];
-            s->desc = *desc;
-            s->generation = NEXT_GEN(s->generation);
-            s->active = true;
-            return (pxl8_gfx_bindings){ MAKE_ID(i, s->generation) };
-        }
-    }
-    pxl8_error("Out of bindings slots");
-    return (pxl8_gfx_bindings){ PXL8_GFX_INVALID_ID };
-}
-
-pxl8_gfx_pass pxl8_create_pass(pxl8_renderer* r, const pxl8_gfx_pass_desc* desc) {
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < PXL8_GFX_MAX_PASSES; i++) {
-        if (!r->passes[i].active) {
-            pass_slot* s = &r->passes[i];
-            s->desc = *desc;
-            s->generation = NEXT_GEN(s->generation);
-            s->active = true;
-            return (pxl8_gfx_pass){ MAKE_ID(i, s->generation) };
-        }
-    }
-    pxl8_error("Out of pass slots");
-    return (pxl8_gfx_pass){ PXL8_GFX_INVALID_ID };
-}
-
-#define VALID_TEX(r, h) (SLOT_INDEX((h).id) < PXL8_GFX_MAX_TEXTURES && \
-    r->textures[SLOT_INDEX((h).id)].active && \
-    r->textures[SLOT_INDEX((h).id)].generation == SLOT_GEN((h).id))
-
-#define VALID_BUF(r, h) (SLOT_INDEX((h).id) < PXL8_GFX_MAX_BUFFERS && \
-    r->buffers[SLOT_INDEX((h).id)].active && \
-    r->buffers[SLOT_INDEX((h).id)].generation == SLOT_GEN((h).id))
-
-#define VALID_PASS(r, h) (SLOT_INDEX((h).id) < PXL8_GFX_MAX_PASSES && \
-    r->passes[SLOT_INDEX((h).id)].active && \
-    r->passes[SLOT_INDEX((h).id)].generation == SLOT_GEN((h).id))
-
-#define VALID_PIPELINE(r, h) (SLOT_INDEX((h).id) < PXL8_GFX_MAX_PIPELINES && \
-    r->pipelines[SLOT_INDEX((h).id)].active && \
-    r->pipelines[SLOT_INDEX((h).id)].generation == SLOT_GEN((h).id))
-
-#define VALID_BINDINGS(r, h) (SLOT_INDEX((h).id) < PXL8_GFX_MAX_BINDINGS && \
-    r->bindings[SLOT_INDEX((h).id)].active && \
-    r->bindings[SLOT_INDEX((h).id)].generation == SLOT_GEN((h).id))
-
-void pxl8_destroy_texture(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, tex)) return;
-    texture_slot* s = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(tex.id)];
-    pxl8_free(s->data);
-    s->data = NULL;
-    s->active = false;
-}
-
-void pxl8_destroy_buffer(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_buffer buf) {
-    if (!VALID_BUF(r, buf)) return;
-    buffer_slot* s = &r->buffers[SLOT_INDEX(buf.id)];
-    pxl8_free(s->data);
-    s->data = NULL;
-    s->active = false;
-}
-
-void pxl8_destroy_pipeline(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_pipeline pip) {
-    u32 idx = SLOT_INDEX(pip.id);
-    if (idx < PXL8_GFX_MAX_PIPELINES && r->pipelines[idx].generation == SLOT_GEN(pip.id)) {
-        r->pipelines[idx].active = false;
-    }
-}
-
-void pxl8_destroy_bindings(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_bindings bnd) {
-    u32 idx = SLOT_INDEX(bnd.id);
-    if (idx < PXL8_GFX_MAX_BINDINGS && r->bindings[idx].generation == SLOT_GEN(bnd.id)) {
-        r->bindings[idx].active = false;
-    }
-}
-
-void pxl8_destroy_pass(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_pass pass) {
-    u32 idx = SLOT_INDEX(pass.id);
-    if (idx < PXL8_GFX_MAX_PASSES && r->passes[idx].generation == SLOT_GEN(pass.id)) {
-        r->passes[idx].active = false;
-    }
-}
-
-void pxl8_update_buffer(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_buffer buf, const pxl8_gfx_range* data) {
-    if (!VALID_BUF(r, buf)) return;
-    buffer_slot* s = &r->buffers[SLOT_INDEX(buf.id)];
-    u32 copy_size = data->size < s->size ? data->size : s->size;
-    memcpy(s->data, data->ptr, copy_size);
-}
-
-i32 pxl8_append_buffer(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_buffer buf, const pxl8_gfx_range* data) {
-    if (!VALID_BUF(r, buf)) return -1;
-    buffer_slot* s = &r->buffers[SLOT_INDEX(buf.id)];
-    if (s->append_pos + data->size > s->size) return -1;
-    i32 offset = (i32)s->append_pos;
-    memcpy((u8*)s->data + s->append_pos, data->ptr, data->size);
-    s->append_pos += data->size;
-    return offset;
-}
-
-void pxl8_update_texture(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex, const pxl8_gfx_range* data, u32 x, u32 y, u32 w, u32 h) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, tex)) return;
-    texture_slot* s = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(tex.id)];
-    u32 bpp = (s->format == PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8) ? 1 :
-              (s->format == PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_DEPTH16) ? 2 : 4;
-    const u8* src = data->ptr;
-    u8* dst = (u8*)s->data + (y * s->width + x) * bpp;
-    for (u32 row = 0; row < h; row++) {
-        memcpy(dst, src, w * bpp);
-        src += w * bpp;
-        dst += s->width * bpp;
-    }
-}
-
-void* pxl8_buffer_ptr(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_buffer buf) {
-    if (!VALID_BUF(r, buf)) return NULL;
-    return r->buffers[SLOT_INDEX(buf.id)].data;
-}
-
-u32 pxl8_buffer_size(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_buffer buf) {
-    if (!VALID_BUF(r, buf)) return 0;
-    return r->buffers[SLOT_INDEX(buf.id)].size;
-}
-
-void* pxl8_texture_get_data(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, tex)) return NULL;
-    return r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(tex.id)].data;
-}
-
-u32 pxl8_texture_get_width(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, tex)) return 0;
-    return r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(tex.id)].width;
-}
-
-u32 pxl8_texture_get_height(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, tex)) return 0;
-    return r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(tex.id)].height;
-}
-
-pxl8_gfx_texture_format pxl8_texture_get_format(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, tex)) return PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8;
-    return r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(tex.id)].format;
-}
-
-pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* pxl8_cmdbuf_create(u32 capacity) {
-    pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb = pxl8_malloc(sizeof(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf));
-    cb->commands = pxl8_malloc(capacity * sizeof(pxl8_gfx_cmd));
-    cb->capacity = capacity;
-    cb->count = 0;
-    return cb;
-}
-
-void pxl8_cmdbuf_destroy(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb) {
-    if (!cb) return;
-    pxl8_free(cb->commands);
-    pxl8_free(cb);
-}
-
-void pxl8_cmdbuf_reset(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb) {
-    if (cb) {
-        cb->count = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-static pxl8_gfx_cmd* cmd_alloc(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb) {
-    if (cb->count >= cb->capacity) {
-        cb->capacity *= 2;
-        cb->commands = pxl8_realloc(cb->commands, cb->capacity * sizeof(pxl8_gfx_cmd));
-    }
-    return &cb->commands[cb->count++];
-}
-
-void pxl8_begin_pass(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, pxl8_gfx_pass pass) {
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd* cmd = cmd_alloc(cb);
-    cmd->type = PXL8_GFX_CMD_BEGIN_PASS;
-    cmd->begin_pass.pass = pass;
-}
-
-void pxl8_end_pass(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb) {
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd* cmd = cmd_alloc(cb);
-    cmd->type = PXL8_GFX_CMD_END_PASS;
-}
-
-void pxl8_set_pipeline(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, pxl8_gfx_pipeline pipeline) {
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd* cmd = cmd_alloc(cb);
-    cmd->type = PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_PIPELINE;
-    cmd->set_pipeline.pipeline = pipeline;
-}
-
-void pxl8_set_bindings(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, pxl8_gfx_bindings bindings) {
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd* cmd = cmd_alloc(cb);
-    cmd->type = PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_BINDINGS;
-    cmd->set_bindings.bindings = bindings;
-}
-
-void pxl8_set_viewport(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, i32 x, i32 y, u32 w, u32 h) {
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd* cmd = cmd_alloc(cb);
-    cmd->type = PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_VIEWPORT;
-    cmd->set_viewport.x = x;
-    cmd->set_viewport.y = y;
-    cmd->set_viewport.w = w;
-    cmd->set_viewport.h = h;
-}
-
-void pxl8_set_scissor(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, i32 x, i32 y, u32 w, u32 h) {
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd* cmd = cmd_alloc(cb);
-    cmd->type = PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_SCISSOR;
-    cmd->set_scissor.x = x;
-    cmd->set_scissor.y = y;
-    cmd->set_scissor.w = w;
-    cmd->set_scissor.h = h;
-}
-
-void pxl8_set_draw_params(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, const pxl8_gfx_cmd_draw_params* p) {
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd* cmd = cmd_alloc(cb);
-    cmd->type = PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_DRAW_PARAMS;
-    cmd->draw_params = *p;
-}
-
-void pxl8_draw(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, pxl8_gfx_buffer vb, pxl8_gfx_buffer ib, u32 first, u32 count, u32 base_vertex) {
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd* cmd = cmd_alloc(cb);
-    cmd->type = PXL8_GFX_CMD_DRAW;
-    cmd->draw.vertex_buffer = vb;
-    cmd->draw.index_buffer = ib;
-    cmd->draw.first_index = first;
-    cmd->draw.index_count = count;
-    cmd->draw.base_vertex = base_vertex;
-}
-
-static void execute_draw(
-    pxl8_renderer* r,
-    const pxl8_gfx_cmd_draw* cmd
-) {
-    if (!VALID_BUF(r, cmd->vertex_buffer)) return;
-    bool use_indices = pxl8_gfx_handle_valid(cmd->index_buffer) && VALID_BUF(r, cmd->index_buffer);
-    if (!VALID_PASS(r, r->current_pass)) return;
-    if (!VALID_PIPELINE(r, r->current_pipeline)) return;
-
-    u64 exec_start = STATS_START();
-    STATS_INC(&r->stats, draw_calls, 1);
-
-    buffer_slot* vb = &r->buffers[SLOT_INDEX(cmd->vertex_buffer.id)];
-    buffer_slot* ib = use_indices ? &r->buffers[SLOT_INDEX(cmd->index_buffer.id)] : NULL;
-    pass_slot* pass = &r->passes[SLOT_INDEX(r->current_pass.id)];
-    pipeline_slot* pip = &r->pipelines[SLOT_INDEX(r->current_pipeline.id)];
-
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, pass->desc.color.texture)) {
-        pxl8_error("draw: invalid color texture");
-        STATS_ADD(&r->stats, execute_draw_ns, exec_start);
-        return;
-    }
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, pass->desc.depth.texture)) {
-        pxl8_error("draw: invalid depth texture");
-        STATS_ADD(&r->stats, execute_draw_ns, exec_start);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    texture_slot* color_tex = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(pass->desc.color.texture.id)];
-    texture_slot* depth_tex = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(pass->desc.depth.texture.id)];
-
-    u8* fb = color_tex->data;
-    u16* zb = depth_tex->data;
-    u32 fb_w = color_tex->width;
-    u32 fb_h = color_tex->height;
-
-    if (r->viewport_w == 0 || r->viewport_h == 0) {
-        STATS_ADD(&r->stats, execute_draw_ns, exec_start);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    i32 vp_x = r->viewport_x;
-    i32 vp_y = r->viewport_y;
-    u32 vp_w = r->viewport_w;
-    u32 vp_h = r->viewport_h;
-
-    i32 clip_min_x = vp_x;
-    i32 clip_min_y = vp_y;
-    i32 clip_max_x = vp_x + (i32)vp_w - 1;
-    i32 clip_max_y = vp_y + (i32)vp_h - 1;
-
-    if (r->scissor_w > 0 && r->scissor_h > 0) {
-        i32 sc_min_x = r->scissor_x;
-        i32 sc_min_y = r->scissor_y;
-        i32 sc_max_x = r->scissor_x + (i32)r->scissor_w - 1;
-        i32 sc_max_y = r->scissor_y + (i32)r->scissor_h - 1;
-
-        if (sc_min_x > clip_min_x) clip_min_x = sc_min_x;
-        if (sc_min_y > clip_min_y) clip_min_y = sc_min_y;
-        if (sc_max_x < clip_max_x) clip_max_x = sc_max_x;
-        if (sc_max_y < clip_max_y) clip_max_y = sc_max_y;
-    }
-
-    if (clip_min_x < 0) clip_min_x = 0;
-    if (clip_min_y < 0) clip_min_y = 0;
-    if (clip_max_x >= (i32)fb_w) clip_max_x = (i32)fb_w - 1;
-    if (clip_max_y >= (i32)fb_h) clip_max_y = (i32)fb_h - 1;
-    if (clip_min_x > clip_max_x || clip_min_y > clip_max_y) {
-        STATS_ADD(&r->stats, execute_draw_ns, exec_start);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    u32* light_accum = NULL;
-    if (VALID_TEX(r, pass->desc.light_accum.texture)) {
-        texture_slot* light_tex = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(pass->desc.light_accum.texture.id)];
-        light_accum = light_tex->data;
-    }
-
-    const pxl8_vertex* vertices = vb->data;
-    const u16* indices = use_indices ? ib->data : NULL;
-
-    pxl8_mat4 mv = pxl8_mat4_multiply(r->current_draw_params.view, r->current_draw_params.model);
-    pxl8_mat4 mvp = pxl8_mat4_multiply(r->current_draw_params.projection, mv);
-    f32 near = 0.1f;
-
-    pxl8_shader_fn shader = pip->desc.shader;
-    if (!shader) {
-        STATS_ADD(&r->stats, execute_draw_ns, exec_start);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    pxl8_shader_bindings shader_bindings = {0};
-    pxl8_shader_uniforms shader_uniforms = r->current_draw_params.shader;
-    shader_uniforms.dither = pip->desc.dither;
-    shader_uniforms.emissive = pip->desc.emissive;
-
-    if (VALID_BINDINGS(r, r->current_bindings)) {
-        bindings_slot* bnd = &r->bindings[SLOT_INDEX(r->current_bindings.id)];
-        shader_bindings.colormap = (const u8*)bnd->desc.colormap;
-        shader_bindings.palette = bnd->desc.palette;
-
-        const pxl8_atlas* atlas = bnd->desc.atlas;
-        if (atlas && bnd->desc.texture_id != UINT32_MAX) {
-            const pxl8_atlas_entry* entry = pxl8_atlas_get_entry(atlas, bnd->desc.texture_id);
-            if (entry && entry->active) {
-                shader_bindings.atlas = pxl8_atlas_get_pixels_tiled(atlas);
-                shader_bindings.width = (u32)entry->w;
-                shader_bindings.height = (u32)entry->h;
-                shader_bindings.use_tiled = true;
-                shader_bindings.tiled.base = entry->tiled_base;
-                shader_bindings.tiled.log2_w = entry->log2_w;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    bool double_sided = pip->desc.double_sided;
-    pxl8_gfx_cull_mode cull_mode = pip->desc.rasterizer.cull;
-    bool is_wireframe = pip->desc.rasterizer.fill == PXL8_GFX_FILL_WIREFRAME;
-
-    for (u32 i = cmd->first_index; i < cmd->first_index + cmd->index_count; i += 3) {
-        STATS_INC(&r->stats, triangles, 1);
-        u16 i0, i1, i2;
-        if (use_indices) {
-            if (i + 2 >= ib->size / sizeof(u16)) break;
-            i0 = indices[i] + cmd->base_vertex;
-            i1 = indices[i + 1] + cmd->base_vertex;
-            i2 = indices[i + 2] + cmd->base_vertex;
-        } else {
-            i0 = (u16)(i + cmd->base_vertex);
-            i1 = (u16)(i + 1 + cmd->base_vertex);
-            i2 = (u16)(i + 2 + cmd->base_vertex);
-        }
-
-        if (i0 >= vb->size / sizeof(pxl8_vertex)) continue;
-        if (i1 >= vb->size / sizeof(pxl8_vertex)) continue;
-        if (i2 >= vb->size / sizeof(pxl8_vertex)) continue;
-
-        const pxl8_vertex* v0 = &vertices[i0];
-        const pxl8_vertex* v1 = &vertices[i1];
-        const pxl8_vertex* v2 = &vertices[i2];
-
-        raster_vertex rv0, rv1, rv2;
-
-        pxl8_vec4 p0 = {v0->position.x, v0->position.y, v0->position.z, 1.0f};
-        pxl8_vec4 p1 = {v1->position.x, v1->position.y, v1->position.z, 1.0f};
-        pxl8_vec4 p2 = {v2->position.x, v2->position.y, v2->position.z, 1.0f};
-
-        rv0.clip_pos = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(mvp, p0);
-        rv1.clip_pos = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(mvp, p1);
-        rv2.clip_pos = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(mvp, p2);
-
-        if (!is_wireframe) {
-            pxl8_vec4 w0 = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(r->current_draw_params.model, p0);
-            pxl8_vec4 w1 = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(r->current_draw_params.model, p1);
-            pxl8_vec4 w2 = pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec4(r->current_draw_params.model, p2);
-            rv0.world_pos = (pxl8_vec3){w0.x, w0.y, w0.z};
-            rv1.world_pos = (pxl8_vec3){w1.x, w1.y, w1.z};
-            rv2.world_pos = (pxl8_vec3){w2.x, w2.y, w2.z};
-
-            rv0.normal = pxl8_vec3_normalize(pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec3(r->current_draw_params.model, v0->normal));
-            rv1.normal = pxl8_vec3_normalize(pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec3(r->current_draw_params.model, v1->normal));
-            rv2.normal = pxl8_vec3_normalize(pxl8_mat4_multiply_vec3(r->current_draw_params.model, v2->normal));
-
-            rv0.u = v0->u; rv0.v = v0->v;
-            rv1.u = v1->u; rv1.v = v1->v;
-            rv2.u = v2->u; rv2.v = v2->v;
-
-            rv0.color = v0->color;
-            rv1.color = v1->color;
-            rv2.color = v2->color;
-
-            rv0.light = v0->light;
-            rv1.light = v1->light;
-            rv2.light = v2->light;
-        } else {
-            rv0.world_pos = (pxl8_vec3){0, 0, 0};
-            rv1.world_pos = (pxl8_vec3){0, 0, 0};
-            rv2.world_pos = (pxl8_vec3){0, 0, 0};
-            rv0.normal = (pxl8_vec3){0, 0, 0};
-            rv1.normal = (pxl8_vec3){0, 0, 0};
-            rv2.normal = (pxl8_vec3){0, 0, 0};
-            rv0.u = 0.0f; rv0.v = 0.0f;
-            rv1.u = 0.0f; rv1.v = 0.0f;
-            rv2.u = 0.0f; rv2.v = 0.0f;
-            rv0.color = 0; rv1.color = 0; rv2.color = 0;
-            rv0.light = 0; rv1.light = 0; rv2.light = 0;
-        }
-
-        raster_vertex clipped[6];
-        i32 clipped_count = clip_triangle_near(&rv0, &rv1, &rv2, near, clipped);
-
-        for (i32 t = 0; t < clipped_count; t += 3) {
-            STATS_INC(&r->stats, clipped_triangles, 1);
-            if (is_wireframe) {
-                f32 hw = (f32)vp_w * 0.5f;
-                f32 hh = (f32)vp_h * 0.5f;
-
-                raster_vertex* wv0 = &clipped[t];
-                raster_vertex* wv1 = &clipped[t+1];
-                raster_vertex* wv2 = &clipped[t+2];
-
-                i32 sx0 = (i32)((f32)vp_x + hw + wv0->clip_pos.x / wv0->clip_pos.w * hw);
-                i32 sy0 = (i32)((f32)vp_y + hh - wv0->clip_pos.y / wv0->clip_pos.w * hh);
-                i32 sx1 = (i32)((f32)vp_x + hw + wv1->clip_pos.x / wv1->clip_pos.w * hw);
-                i32 sy1 = (i32)((f32)vp_y + hh - wv1->clip_pos.y / wv1->clip_pos.w * hh);
-                i32 sx2 = (i32)((f32)vp_x + hw + wv2->clip_pos.x / wv2->clip_pos.w * hw);
-                i32 sy2 = (i32)((f32)vp_y + hh - wv2->clip_pos.y / wv2->clip_pos.w * hh);
-
-                f32 cross = (f32)(sx1 - sx0) * (f32)(sy2 - sy0) - (f32)(sy1 - sy0) * (f32)(sx2 - sx0);
-                if (!double_sided) {
-                    if (cull_mode == PXL8_GFX_CULL_BACK && cross >= 0.0f) continue;
-                    if (cull_mode == PXL8_GFX_CULL_FRONT && cross <= 0.0f) continue;
-                }
-
-                u8 wire_color = v0->color ? v0->color : 15;
-                draw_line_clipped(fb, fb_w, fb_h, sx0, sy0, sx1, sy1, wire_color,
-                    clip_min_x, clip_min_y, clip_max_x, clip_max_y, &r->stats);
-                draw_line_clipped(fb, fb_w, fb_h, sx1, sy1, sx2, sy2, wire_color,
-                    clip_min_x, clip_min_y, clip_max_x, clip_max_y, &r->stats);
-                draw_line_clipped(fb, fb_w, fb_h, sx2, sy2, sx0, sy0, wire_color,
-                    clip_min_x, clip_min_y, clip_max_x, clip_max_y, &r->stats);
-            } else {
-                tri_setup setup;
-                if (!setup_tri(&setup, &clipped[t], &clipped[t+1], &clipped[t+2],
-                        vp_x, vp_y, vp_w, vp_h,
-                        clip_min_x, clip_min_y, clip_max_x, clip_max_y,
-                        cull_mode, double_sided)) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                u64 raster_start = STATS_START();
-                rasterize_triangle(&setup, fb, zb, light_accum, fb_w, shader, &pip->desc,
-                    &shader_bindings, &shader_uniforms, &r->stats);
-                STATS_ADD(&r->stats, raster_ns, raster_start);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    STATS_ADD(&r->stats, execute_draw_ns, exec_start);
-}
-
-void pxl8_gfx_submit(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb) {
-    u64 submit_start = STATS_START();
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < cb->count; i++) {
-        pxl8_gfx_cmd* cmd = &cb->commands[i];
-        switch (cmd->type) {
-            case PXL8_GFX_CMD_BEGIN_PASS:
-                r->current_pass = cmd->begin_pass.pass;
-                if (VALID_PASS(r, cmd->begin_pass.pass)) {
-                    pass_slot* p = &r->passes[SLOT_INDEX(cmd->begin_pass.pass.id)];
-                    if (p->desc.color.load == PXL8_GFX_LOAD_CLEAR) {
-                        pxl8_clear(r, p->desc.color.texture, p->desc.color.clear_value);
-                    }
-                    if (p->desc.depth.load == PXL8_GFX_LOAD_CLEAR) {
-                        pxl8_clear_depth(r, p->desc.depth.texture);
-                    }
-                    if (p->desc.light_accum.load == PXL8_GFX_LOAD_CLEAR) {
-                        pxl8_clear_light(r, p->desc.light_accum.texture);
-                    }
-                }
-                break;
-            case PXL8_GFX_CMD_END_PASS:
-                r->current_pass = (pxl8_gfx_pass){ PXL8_GFX_INVALID_ID };
-                break;
-            case PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_PIPELINE:
-                r->current_pipeline = cmd->set_pipeline.pipeline;
-                break;
-            case PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_BINDINGS:
-                r->current_bindings = cmd->set_bindings.bindings;
-                break;
-            case PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_VIEWPORT:
-                r->viewport_x = cmd->set_viewport.x;
-                r->viewport_y = cmd->set_viewport.y;
-                r->viewport_w = cmd->set_viewport.w;
-                r->viewport_h = cmd->set_viewport.h;
-                break;
-            case PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_SCISSOR:
-                r->scissor_x = cmd->set_scissor.x;
-                r->scissor_y = cmd->set_scissor.y;
-                r->scissor_w = cmd->set_scissor.w;
-                r->scissor_h = cmd->set_scissor.h;
-                break;
-            case PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_DRAW_PARAMS:
-                r->current_draw_params = cmd->draw_params;
-                break;
-            case PXL8_GFX_CMD_DRAW:
-                execute_draw(r, &cmd->draw);
-                break;
-            case PXL8_GFX_CMD_RESOLVE:
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < PXL8_GFX_MAX_BUFFERS; i++) {
-        if (r->buffers[i].active && r->buffers[i].usage == PXL8_GFX_USAGE_STREAM) {
-            r->buffers[i].append_pos = 0;
-        }
-    }
-    STATS_ADD(&r->stats, submit_ns, submit_start);
-}
-
-void pxl8_clear(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, u8 color) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, target)) return;
-    texture_slot* s = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(target.id)];
-    if (s->format == PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8) {
-        memset(s->data, color, s->width * s->height);
-    }
-}
-
-void pxl8_clear_depth(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, target)) return;
-    texture_slot* s = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(target.id)];
-    if (s->format == PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_DEPTH16) {
-        memset(s->data, 0xFF, s->width * s->height * 2);
-    }
-}
-
-void pxl8_clear_light(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, target)) return;
-    texture_slot* s = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(target.id)];
-    if (s->format == PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_LIGHT_ACCUM) {
-        memset(s->data, 0, s->width * s->height * 4);
-    }
-}
-
-void pxl8_draw_pixel(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 x, i32 y, u8 color) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, target)) return;
-    texture_slot* s = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(target.id)];
-    if (x < 0 || y < 0 || (u32)x >= s->width || (u32)y >= s->height) return;
-    if (s->format == PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8) {
-        ((u8*)s->data)[y * s->width + x] = color;
-    }
-}
-
-u8 pxl8_get_pixel(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 x, i32 y) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, target)) return 0;
-    texture_slot* s = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(target.id)];
-    if (x < 0 || y < 0 || (u32)x >= s->width || (u32)y >= s->height) return 0;
-    if (s->format == PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8) {
-        return ((u8*)s->data)[y * s->width + x];
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-void pxl8_draw_line(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 x0, i32 y0, i32 x1, i32 y1, u8 color) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, target)) return;
-    texture_slot* s = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(target.id)];
-    if (s->format != PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8) return;
-
-    u8* fb = s->data;
-    i32 w = (i32)s->width;
-    i32 h = (i32)s->height;
-
-    i32 dx = abs(x1 - x0);
-    i32 dy = -abs(y1 - y0);
-    i32 sx = x0 < x1 ? 1 : -1;
-    i32 sy = y0 < y1 ? 1 : -1;
-    i32 err = dx + dy;
-
-    while (true) {
-        if (x0 >= 0 && x0 < w && y0 >= 0 && y0 < h) {
-            fb[y0 * w + x0] = color;
-        }
-        if (x0 == x1 && y0 == y1) break;
-        i32 e2 = 2 * err;
-        if (e2 >= dy) { err += dy; x0 += sx; }
-        if (e2 <= dx) { err += dx; y0 += sy; }
-    }
-}
-
-void pxl8_draw_rect(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, u8 color) {
-    pxl8_draw_line(r, target, x, y, x + w - 1, y, color);
-    pxl8_draw_line(r, target, x + w - 1, y, x + w - 1, y + h - 1, color);
-    pxl8_draw_line(r, target, x + w - 1, y + h - 1, x, y + h - 1, color);
-    pxl8_draw_line(r, target, x, y + h - 1, x, y, color);
-}
-
-void pxl8_draw_rect_fill(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, u8 color) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, target)) return;
-    texture_slot* s = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(target.id)];
-    if (s->format != PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8) return;
-
-    u8* fb = s->data;
-    i32 tw = (i32)s->width;
-    i32 th = (i32)s->height;
-
-    i32 x0 = x < 0 ? 0 : x;
-    i32 y0 = y < 0 ? 0 : y;
-    i32 x1 = x + w > tw ? tw : x + w;
-    i32 y1 = y + h > th ? th : y + h;
-
-    for (i32 py = y0; py < y1; py++) {
-        memset(&fb[py * tw + x0], color, (size_t)(x1 - x0));
-    }
-}
-
-void pxl8_draw_circle(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 cx, i32 cy, i32 radius, u8 color) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, target)) return;
-    texture_slot* s = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(target.id)];
-    if (s->format != PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8) return;
-
-    u8* fb = s->data;
-    i32 w = (i32)s->width;
-    i32 h = (i32)s->height;
-
-    i32 px = 0, py = radius;
-    i32 d = 3 - 2 * radius;
-
-    #define PLOT(xx, yy) if ((xx) >= 0 && (xx) < w && (yy) >= 0 && (yy) < h) fb[(yy) * w + (xx)] = color
-
-    while (py >= px) {
-        PLOT(cx + px, cy + py); PLOT(cx - px, cy + py);
-        PLOT(cx + px, cy - py); PLOT(cx - px, cy - py);
-        PLOT(cx + py, cy + px); PLOT(cx - py, cy + px);
-        PLOT(cx + py, cy - px); PLOT(cx - py, cy - px);
-        px++;
-        if (d > 0) { py--; d += 4 * (px - py) + 10; }
-        else { d += 4 * px + 6; }
-    }
-    #undef PLOT
-}
-
-void pxl8_draw_circle_fill(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 cx, i32 cy, i32 radius, u8 color) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, target)) return;
-    texture_slot* s = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(target.id)];
-    if (s->format != PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8) return;
-
-    u8* fb = s->data;
-    i32 w = (i32)s->width;
-    i32 h = (i32)s->height;
-
-    i32 r2 = radius * radius;
-    for (i32 y = -radius; y <= radius; y++) {
-        i32 py = cy + y;
-        if (py < 0 || py >= h) continue;
-        i32 hspan = (i32)sqrtf((f32)(r2 - y * y));
-        i32 x0 = cx - hspan;
-        i32 x1 = cx + hspan;
-        if (x0 < 0) x0 = 0;
-        if (x1 >= w) x1 = w - 1;
-        if (x0 <= x1) {
-            memset(&fb[py * w + x0], color, (size_t)(x1 - x0 + 1));
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void pxl8_resolve_to_rgba(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture color, pxl8_gfx_texture light_accum,
-                          const u32* palette, u32* output) {
-    if (!VALID_TEX(r, color)) return;
-    texture_slot* cs = &r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(color.id)];
-
-    u8* fb = cs->data;
-    u32 w = cs->width;
-    u32 h = cs->height;
-
-    u32* light_data = NULL;
-    if (light_accum.id != PXL8_GFX_INVALID_ID && VALID_TEX(r, light_accum)) {
-        light_data = r->textures[SLOT_INDEX(light_accum.id)].data;
-    }
-
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < w * h; i++) {
-        u8 idx = fb[i];
-        u32 base = palette[idx];
-
-        if (light_data) {
-            u32 lv = light_data[i];
-            u32 la = lv >> 24;
-            if (la > 0) {
-                i32 br = base & 0xFF;
-                i32 bg = (base >> 8) & 0xFF;
-                i32 bb = (base >> 16) & 0xFF;
-
-                i32 lr = lv & 0xFF;
-                i32 lg = (lv >> 8) & 0xFF;
-                i32 lb = (lv >> 16) & 0xFF;
-
-                f32 t = (f32)la / 255.0f;
-                br += (i32)((f32)(lr - 128) * t * 2.0f);
-                bg += (i32)((f32)(lg - 128) * t * 2.0f);
-                bb += (i32)((f32)(lb - 128) * t * 2.0f);
-
-                br = pxl8_clamp_byte(br);
-                bg = pxl8_clamp_byte(bg);
-                bb = pxl8_clamp_byte(bb);
-
-                base = (u32)br | ((u32)bg << 8) | ((u32)bb << 16) | 0xFF000000;
-            }
-        }
-
-        output[i] = base | 0xFF000000;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_render.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_render.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 906def2..0000000
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_render.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "pxl8_colormap.h"
-#include "pxl8_render_types.h"
-#include "pxl8_shader.h"
-
-#ifndef PXL8_GFX_ENABLE_STATS
-#define PXL8_GFX_ENABLE_STATS 1
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-typedef struct pxl8_renderer pxl8_renderer;
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_stats {
-    u64 draw_calls;
-    u64 triangles;
-    u64 clipped_triangles;
-    u64 depth_tests;
-    u64 depth_passes;
-    u64 shader_calls;
-    u64 pixels_written;
-    u64 light_writes;
-    u64 submit_ns;
-    u64 execute_draw_ns;
-    u64 raster_ns;
-} pxl8_gfx_stats;
-
-pxl8_renderer* pxl8_renderer_create(u32 width, u32 height);
-void pxl8_renderer_destroy(pxl8_renderer* r);
-void pxl8_renderer_set_shader(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_shader_fn fn);
-void pxl8_renderer_reset_stats(pxl8_renderer* r);
-const pxl8_gfx_stats* pxl8_renderer_get_stats(const pxl8_renderer* r);
-
-u32 pxl8_renderer_get_width(const pxl8_renderer* r);
-u32 pxl8_renderer_get_height(const pxl8_renderer* r);
-
-pxl8_gfx_bindings pxl8_create_bindings(pxl8_renderer* r, const pxl8_gfx_bindings_desc* desc);
-pxl8_gfx_buffer pxl8_create_buffer(pxl8_renderer* r, const pxl8_gfx_buffer_desc* desc);
-pxl8_gfx_pass pxl8_create_pass(pxl8_renderer* r, const pxl8_gfx_pass_desc* desc);
-pxl8_gfx_pipeline pxl8_create_pipeline(pxl8_renderer* r, const pxl8_gfx_pipeline_desc* desc);
-pxl8_gfx_texture pxl8_create_texture(pxl8_renderer* r, const pxl8_gfx_texture_desc* desc);
-
-void pxl8_destroy_bindings(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_bindings bnd);
-void pxl8_destroy_buffer(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_buffer buf);
-void pxl8_destroy_pass(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_pass pass);
-void pxl8_destroy_pipeline(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_pipeline pip);
-void pxl8_destroy_texture(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex);
-
-void pxl8_update_buffer(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_buffer buf, const pxl8_gfx_range* data);
-i32 pxl8_append_buffer(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_buffer buf, const pxl8_gfx_range* data);
-void pxl8_update_texture(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex, const pxl8_gfx_range* data, u32 x, u32 y, u32 w, u32 h);
-
-void* pxl8_buffer_ptr(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_buffer buf);
-u32 pxl8_buffer_size(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_buffer buf);
-
-void* pxl8_texture_get_data(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex);
-u32 pxl8_texture_get_width(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex);
-u32 pxl8_texture_get_height(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex);
-pxl8_gfx_texture_format pxl8_texture_get_format(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture tex);
-
-pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* pxl8_cmdbuf_create(u32 capacity);
-void pxl8_cmdbuf_destroy(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb);
-void pxl8_cmdbuf_reset(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb);
-
-void pxl8_begin_pass(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, pxl8_gfx_pass pass);
-void pxl8_end_pass(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb);
-void pxl8_set_bindings(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, pxl8_gfx_bindings bindings);
-void pxl8_set_draw_params(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, const pxl8_gfx_cmd_draw_params* p);
-void pxl8_set_pipeline(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, pxl8_gfx_pipeline pipeline);
-void pxl8_set_scissor(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, i32 x, i32 y, u32 w, u32 h);
-void pxl8_set_viewport(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, i32 x, i32 y, u32 w, u32 h);
-
-void pxl8_draw(pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb, pxl8_gfx_buffer vb, pxl8_gfx_buffer ib, u32 first, u32 count, u32 base_vertex);
-
-void pxl8_gfx_submit(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_cmdbuf* cb);
-
-void pxl8_clear(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, u8 color);
-void pxl8_clear_depth(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target);
-void pxl8_clear_light(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target);
-
-void pxl8_draw_pixel(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 x, i32 y, u8 color);
-u8 pxl8_get_pixel(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 x, i32 y);
-void pxl8_draw_line(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 x0, i32 y0, i32 x1, i32 y1, u8 color);
-void pxl8_draw_rect(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, u8 color);
-void pxl8_draw_rect_fill(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 x, i32 y, i32 w, i32 h, u8 color);
-void pxl8_draw_circle(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 cx, i32 cy, i32 radius, u8 color);
-void pxl8_draw_circle_fill(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture target, i32 cx, i32 cy, i32 radius, u8 color);
-
-void pxl8_resolve_to_rgba(pxl8_renderer* r, pxl8_gfx_texture color, pxl8_gfx_texture light_accum,
-                          const u32* palette, u32* output);
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_render_types.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_render_types.h
deleted file mode 100644
index d100c26..0000000
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_render_types.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,242 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "pxl8_atlas.h"
-#include "pxl8_colormap.h"
-#include "pxl8_lights.h"
-#include "pxl8_math.h"
-#include "pxl8_shader.h"
-#include "pxl8_types.h"
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-#define PXL8_GFX_MAX_BINDINGS 256
-#define PXL8_GFX_MAX_BUFFERS 512
-#define PXL8_GFX_MAX_PASSES 32
-#define PXL8_GFX_MAX_PIPELINES 128
-#define PXL8_GFX_MAX_TEXTURES 256
-
-typedef struct { u32 id; } pxl8_gfx_buffer;
-typedef struct { u32 id; } pxl8_gfx_texture;
-typedef struct { u32 id; } pxl8_gfx_pipeline;
-typedef struct { u32 id; } pxl8_gfx_bindings;
-typedef struct { u32 id; } pxl8_gfx_pass;
-
-#define PXL8_GFX_INVALID_ID (0)
-#define pxl8_gfx_handle_valid(h) ((h).id != PXL8_GFX_INVALID_ID)
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_range {
-    const void* ptr;
-    u32 size;
-} pxl8_gfx_range;
-
-#define PXL8_GFX_RANGE(x) ((pxl8_gfx_range){ .ptr = &(x), .size = sizeof(x) })
-#define PXL8_GFX_RANGE_REF(p, sz) ((pxl8_gfx_range){ .ptr = (p), .size = (sz) })
-
-typedef enum pxl8_gfx_buffer_type {
-    PXL8_GFX_BUFFER_VERTEX,
-    PXL8_GFX_BUFFER_INDEX,
-} pxl8_gfx_buffer_type;
-
-typedef enum pxl8_gfx_usage {
-    PXL8_GFX_USAGE_IMMUTABLE,
-    PXL8_GFX_USAGE_DYNAMIC,
-    PXL8_GFX_USAGE_STREAM,
-} pxl8_gfx_usage;
-
-typedef enum pxl8_gfx_texture_format {
-    PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_INDEXED8,
-    PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_DEPTH16,
-    PXL8_GFX_FORMAT_LIGHT_ACCUM,
-} pxl8_gfx_texture_format;
-
-typedef enum pxl8_gfx_cull_mode {
-    PXL8_GFX_CULL_NONE,
-    PXL8_GFX_CULL_BACK,
-    PXL8_GFX_CULL_FRONT,
-} pxl8_gfx_cull_mode;
-
-typedef enum pxl8_gfx_fill_mode {
-    PXL8_GFX_FILL_SOLID,
-    PXL8_GFX_FILL_WIREFRAME,
-} pxl8_gfx_fill_mode;
-
-typedef enum pxl8_gfx_compare_func {
-    PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_NEVER,
-    PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_LESS,
-    PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_EQUAL,
-    PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_LEQUAL,
-    PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_GREATER,
-    PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_NOTEQUAL,
-    PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_GEQUAL,
-    PXL8_GFX_COMPARE_ALWAYS,
-} pxl8_gfx_compare_func;
-
-typedef enum pxl8_gfx_blend_factor {
-    PXL8_GFX_BLEND_ZERO,
-    PXL8_GFX_BLEND_ONE,
-    PXL8_GFX_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA,
-    PXL8_GFX_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA,
-    PXL8_GFX_BLEND_DST_ALPHA,
-    PXL8_GFX_BLEND_INV_DST_ALPHA,
-} pxl8_gfx_blend_factor;
-
-typedef enum pxl8_gfx_load_op {
-    PXL8_GFX_LOAD_CLEAR,
-    PXL8_GFX_LOAD_LOAD,
-    PXL8_GFX_LOAD_DONT_CARE,
-} pxl8_gfx_load_op;
-
-typedef enum pxl8_gfx_store_op {
-    PXL8_GFX_STORE_STORE,
-    PXL8_GFX_STORE_DONT_CARE,
-} pxl8_gfx_store_op;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_buffer_desc {
-    pxl8_gfx_range data;
-    u32 capacity;
-    pxl8_gfx_buffer_type type;
-    pxl8_gfx_usage usage;
-} pxl8_gfx_buffer_desc;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_texture_desc {
-    u32 width;
-    u32 height;
-    pxl8_gfx_texture_format format;
-    pxl8_gfx_range data;
-    pxl8_gfx_usage usage;
-    bool render_target;
-} pxl8_gfx_texture_desc;
-
-typedef pxl8_shader_fn pxl8_gfx_shader;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_pipeline_desc {
-    struct {
-        bool enabled;
-        pxl8_gfx_blend_factor src;
-        pxl8_gfx_blend_factor dst;
-        bool alpha_test;
-        u8 alpha_ref;
-    } blend;
-
-    struct {
-        bool test;
-        bool write;
-        pxl8_gfx_compare_func compare;
-    } depth;
-
-    bool dither;
-    bool double_sided;
-    bool emissive;
-
-    struct {
-        pxl8_gfx_cull_mode cull;
-        pxl8_gfx_fill_mode fill;
-    } rasterizer;
-
-    pxl8_gfx_shader shader;
-} pxl8_gfx_pipeline_desc;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_bindings_desc {
-    const pxl8_atlas* atlas;
-    const pxl8_colormap* colormap;
-    const u32* palette;
-    u32 texture_id;
-} pxl8_gfx_bindings_desc;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_pass_color_attachment {
-    pxl8_gfx_texture texture;
-    pxl8_gfx_load_op load;
-    pxl8_gfx_store_op store;
-    u8 clear_value;
-} pxl8_gfx_pass_color_attachment;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_pass_depth_attachment {
-    pxl8_gfx_texture texture;
-    pxl8_gfx_load_op load;
-    u16 clear_value;
-} pxl8_gfx_pass_depth_attachment;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_pass_light_attachment {
-    pxl8_gfx_texture texture;
-    pxl8_gfx_load_op load;
-} pxl8_gfx_pass_light_attachment;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_pass_desc {
-    pxl8_gfx_pass_color_attachment color;
-    pxl8_gfx_pass_depth_attachment depth;
-    pxl8_gfx_pass_light_attachment light_accum;
-} pxl8_gfx_pass_desc;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_cmd_draw_params {
-    pxl8_mat4 model;
-    pxl8_mat4 projection;
-    pxl8_shader_uniforms shader;
-    pxl8_mat4 view;
-} pxl8_gfx_cmd_draw_params;
-
-typedef enum pxl8_gfx_cmd_type {
-    PXL8_GFX_CMD_BEGIN_PASS,
-    PXL8_GFX_CMD_END_PASS,
-    PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_PIPELINE,
-    PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_BINDINGS,
-    PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_VIEWPORT,
-    PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_SCISSOR,
-    PXL8_GFX_CMD_SET_DRAW_PARAMS,
-    PXL8_GFX_CMD_DRAW,
-    PXL8_GFX_CMD_RESOLVE,
-} pxl8_gfx_cmd_type;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_cmd_begin_pass {
-    pxl8_gfx_pass pass;
-} pxl8_gfx_cmd_begin_pass;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_pipeline {
-    pxl8_gfx_pipeline pipeline;
-} pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_pipeline;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_bindings {
-    pxl8_gfx_bindings bindings;
-} pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_bindings;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_viewport {
-    i32 x, y;
-    u32 w, h;
-} pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_viewport;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_scissor {
-    i32 x, y;
-    u32 w, h;
-} pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_scissor;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_cmd_draw {
-    pxl8_gfx_buffer vertex_buffer;
-    pxl8_gfx_buffer index_buffer;
-    u32 base_vertex;
-    u32 first_index;
-    u32 index_count;
-} pxl8_gfx_cmd_draw;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_cmd_resolve {
-    pxl8_gfx_texture src;
-    u32* output;
-} pxl8_gfx_cmd_resolve;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_gfx_cmd {
-    pxl8_gfx_cmd_type type;
-    union {
-        pxl8_gfx_cmd_begin_pass begin_pass;
-        pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_pipeline set_pipeline;
-        pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_bindings set_bindings;
-        pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_viewport set_viewport;
-        pxl8_gfx_cmd_set_scissor set_scissor;
-        pxl8_gfx_cmd_draw draw;
-        pxl8_gfx_cmd_draw_params draw_params;
-        pxl8_gfx_cmd_resolve resolve;
-    };
-} pxl8_gfx_cmd;
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_shader.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 3241a21..0000000
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "pxl8_lights.h"
-#include "pxl8_math.h"
-#include "pxl8_types.h"
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-typedef struct pxl8_vertex_in {
-    pxl8_vec3 a_position;
-    pxl8_vec3 a_normal;
-    pxl8_vec2 a_uv;
-    u8 a_color;
-    u8 a_light;
-} pxl8_vertex_in;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_vertex_out {
-    pxl8_vec4 gl_Position;
-    pxl8_vec2 v_uv;
-    pxl8_vec3 v_world;
-    pxl8_vec3 v_normal;
-    f32 v_light;
-    f32 v_depth;
-} pxl8_vertex_out;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_shader_uniforms {
-    u8 ambient;
-    bool baked_lighting;
-    pxl8_vec3 celestial_dir;
-    f32 celestial_intensity;
-    bool dither;
-    bool dynamic_lighting;
-    bool emissive;
-    u8 fog_color;
-    f32 fog_density;
-    const pxl8_light* lights;
-    u32 lights_count;
-    bool textures;
-    f32 time;
-} pxl8_shader_uniforms;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_shader_bindings {
-    const u8* colormap;
-    const u32* palette;
-    const u8* atlas;
-    u32 width, height;
-    bool use_tiled;
-    union {
-        struct {
-            u32 stride;
-            u32 x, y;
-        } linear;
-        struct {
-            u32 base;
-            u8 log2_w;
-        } tiled;
-    };
-} pxl8_shader_bindings;
-
-typedef struct pxl8_shader_ctx {
-    i32 x, y;
-    pxl8_vec2 v_uv;
-    pxl8_vec3 v_world;
-    pxl8_vec3 v_normal;
-    f32 v_color;
-    f32 v_light;
-    f32 v_depth;
-    u32 out_light_color;
-} pxl8_shader_ctx;
-
-typedef u8 (*pxl8_shader_fn)(
-    pxl8_shader_ctx* ctx,
-    const pxl8_shader_bindings* bindings,
-    const pxl8_shader_uniforms* uniforms
-);
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_builtins.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_builtins.h
deleted file mode 100644
index abde7a5..0000000
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_builtins.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "pxl8_dither.h"
-#include "pxl8_math.h"
-#include "pxl8_shader.h"
-#include "pxl8_types.h"
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-static inline pxl8_vec2 pxl8_swizzle_xy(pxl8_vec4 v) { return (pxl8_vec2){v.x, v.y}; }
-static inline pxl8_vec2 pxl8_swizzle_xz(pxl8_vec4 v) { return (pxl8_vec2){v.x, v.z}; }
-static inline pxl8_vec2 pxl8_swizzle_xw(pxl8_vec4 v) { return (pxl8_vec2){v.x, v.w}; }
-static inline pxl8_vec2 pxl8_swizzle_yz(pxl8_vec4 v) { return (pxl8_vec2){v.y, v.z}; }
-static inline pxl8_vec2 pxl8_swizzle_yw(pxl8_vec4 v) { return (pxl8_vec2){v.y, v.w}; }
-static inline pxl8_vec2 pxl8_swizzle_zw(pxl8_vec4 v) { return (pxl8_vec2){v.z, v.w}; }
-
-static inline pxl8_vec3 pxl8_swizzle_xyz(pxl8_vec4 v) { return (pxl8_vec3){v.x, v.y, v.z}; }
-static inline pxl8_vec3 pxl8_swizzle_xyw(pxl8_vec4 v) { return (pxl8_vec3){v.x, v.y, v.w}; }
-static inline pxl8_vec3 pxl8_swizzle_xzw(pxl8_vec4 v) { return (pxl8_vec3){v.x, v.z, v.w}; }
-static inline pxl8_vec3 pxl8_swizzle_yzw(pxl8_vec4 v) { return (pxl8_vec3){v.y, v.z, v.w}; }
-
-static inline u32 pxl8_tile_addr(u32 u, u32 v, u8 log2_w) {
-    u32 tile_y = v >> 3;
-    u32 tile_x = u >> 3;
-    u32 local_y = v & 7;
-    u32 local_x = u & 7;
-    return (tile_y << (log2_w + 3)) | (tile_x << 6) | (local_y << 3) | local_x;
-}
-
-static inline u8 pxl8_sample_indexed(const pxl8_shader_bindings* b, pxl8_vec2 uv) {
-    if (!b || !b->atlas) return 0;
-    u32 w = b->width;
-    u32 h = b->height;
-    if (w == 0 || h == 0) return 0;
-    u32 u = (u32)(uv.x * (f32)w) & (w - 1);
-    u32 v = (u32)(uv.y * (f32)h) & (h - 1);
-    if (b->use_tiled) {
-        return b->atlas[b->tiled.base + pxl8_tile_addr(u, v, b->tiled.log2_w)];
-    } else {
-        return b->atlas[(b->linear.y + v) * b->linear.stride + b->linear.x + u];
-    }
-}
-
-static inline u8 pxl8_colormap_lookup(const pxl8_shader_bindings* b, u8 color, u8 light) {
-    if (!b) return color;
-    const u8* cm = b->colormap;
-    if (!cm) return color;
-    u32 row = light >> 5;
-    return cm[(row << 8) | (u32)color];
-}
-
-static inline f32 pxl8_light_falloff(const pxl8_shader_ctx* ctx, const pxl8_shader_uniforms* u, u32 light_idx) {
-    if (!u || light_idx >= u->lights_count) return 0.0f;
-    const pxl8_light* light = &u->lights[light_idx];
-    f32 dx = light->position.x - ctx->v_world.x;
-    f32 dy = light->position.y - ctx->v_world.y;
-    f32 dz = light->position.z - ctx->v_world.z;
-    f32 dist_sq = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
-    if (dist_sq >= light->radius_sq) return 0.0f;
-    return 1.0f - dist_sq * light->inv_radius_sq;
-}
-
-static inline u32 pxl8_light_color(const pxl8_shader_uniforms* u, u32 light_idx) {
-    if (!u || light_idx >= u->lights_count) return 0;
-    const pxl8_light* light = &u->lights[light_idx];
-    return (u32)light->r | ((u32)light->g << 8) | ((u32)light->b << 16);
-}
-
-static inline void pxl8_set_light_tint(pxl8_shader_ctx* ctx, u32 color, f32 strength) {
-    if (strength <= 0.0f) return;
-    if (strength > 1.0f) strength = 1.0f;
-    u32 alpha = (u32)(strength * 255.0f);
-    ctx->out_light_color = (color & 0x00FFFFFF) | (alpha << 24);
-}
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_registry.c b/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_registry.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 370f183..0000000
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_registry.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-#include "pxl8_shader_registry.h"
-
-#include <string.h>
-
-extern u8 pxl8_shader_lit(pxl8_shader_ctx* ctx, const pxl8_shader_bindings* bindings, const pxl8_shader_uniforms* uniforms);
-extern u8 pxl8_shader_unlit(pxl8_shader_ctx* ctx, const pxl8_shader_bindings* bindings, const pxl8_shader_uniforms* uniforms);
-
-void pxl8_shader_registry_init(void) {}
-void pxl8_shader_registry_reload(void) {}
-
-pxl8_shader_fn pxl8_shader_registry_get(const char* name) {
-    if (strcmp(name, "lit") == 0) return (pxl8_shader_fn)pxl8_shader_lit;
-    if (strcmp(name, "unlit") == 0) return (pxl8_shader_fn)pxl8_shader_unlit;
-    return NULL;
-}
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_registry.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_registry.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 473afc6..0000000
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_registry.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "pxl8_shader.h"
-
-void pxl8_shader_registry_init(void);
-void pxl8_shader_registry_reload(void);
-pxl8_shader_fn pxl8_shader_registry_get(const char* name);
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_runtime.c b/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_runtime.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 14de4f7..0000000
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_runtime.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-#include "pxl8_shader_runtime.h"
-#include "pxl8_log.h"
-
-#include <dlfcn.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-struct pxl8_shader_lib {
-    void* handle;
-    char path[256];
-};
-
-pxl8_shader_lib* pxl8_shader_lib_load(const char* path) {
-    void* handle = dlopen(path, RTLD_NOW);
-    if (!handle) {
-        pxl8_error("Failed to load shader library: %s - %s", path, dlerror());
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    pxl8_shader_lib* lib = malloc(sizeof(pxl8_shader_lib));
-    lib->handle = handle;
-    strncpy(lib->path, path, sizeof(lib->path) - 1);
-    lib->path[sizeof(lib->path) - 1] = '\0';
-
-    return lib;
-}
-
-void pxl8_shader_lib_unload(pxl8_shader_lib* lib) {
-    if (!lib) return;
-    if (lib->handle) {
-        dlclose(lib->handle);
-    }
-    free(lib);
-}
-
-bool pxl8_shader_lib_reload(pxl8_shader_lib* lib) {
-    if (!lib) return false;
-
-    if (lib->handle) {
-        dlclose(lib->handle);
-    }
-
-    lib->handle = dlopen(lib->path, RTLD_NOW);
-    if (!lib->handle) {
-        pxl8_error("Failed to reload shader library: %s - %s", lib->path, dlerror());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-pxl8_shader_fn pxl8_shader_lib_get(pxl8_shader_lib* lib, const char* name) {
-    if (!lib || !lib->handle) return NULL;
-
-    char symbol[128];
-    snprintf(symbol, sizeof(symbol), "pxl8_shader_%s", name);
-
-    void* fn = dlsym(lib->handle, symbol);
-    if (!fn) {
-        pxl8_error("Failed to find shader: %s - %s", symbol, dlerror());
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return (pxl8_shader_fn)fn;
-}
diff --git a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_runtime.h b/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_runtime.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 4650f65..0000000
--- a/src/gfx/pxl8_shader_runtime.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "pxl8_shader.h"
-#include "pxl8_types.h"
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-typedef struct pxl8_shader_lib pxl8_shader_lib;
-
-pxl8_shader_lib* pxl8_shader_lib_load(const char* path);
-void pxl8_shader_lib_unload(pxl8_shader_lib* lib);
-bool pxl8_shader_lib_reload(pxl8_shader_lib* lib);
-
-pxl8_shader_fn pxl8_shader_lib_get(pxl8_shader_lib* lib, const char* name);
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
diff --git a/src/gfx/shaders/cpu/lit.c b/src/gfx/shaders/cpu/lit.c
deleted file mode 100644
index b9d55c9..0000000
--- a/src/gfx/shaders/cpu/lit.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-#include "pxl8_macros.h"
-#include "pxl8_shader.h"
-#include "pxl8_shader_builtins.h"
-
-u8 pxl8_shader_lit(
-    pxl8_shader_ctx* ctx,
-    const pxl8_shader_bindings* bindings,
-    const pxl8_shader_uniforms* uniforms
-) {
-    u8 tex_idx = 0;
-    if (bindings && bindings->atlas) {
-        tex_idx = pxl8_sample_indexed(bindings, ctx->v_uv);
-        if (pxl8_unlikely(tex_idx == 0)) return 0;
-    } else {
-        if (uniforms && uniforms->dither) {
-            tex_idx = pxl8_gfx_dither(ctx->v_color, (u32)ctx->x, (u32)ctx->y);
-        } else {
-            f32 clamped = pxl8_clamp(ctx->v_color, 0.0f, 255.0f);
-            tex_idx = (u8)(clamped);
-        }
-    }
-
-    f32 light = ctx->v_light;
-
-    if (uniforms) {
-        f32 ambient = (f32)uniforms->ambient / 255.0f;
-        if (ambient > light) light = ambient;
-
-        if (uniforms->celestial_intensity > 0.0f) {
-            f32 ndotl = -(ctx->v_normal.x * uniforms->celestial_dir.x +
-                          ctx->v_normal.y * uniforms->celestial_dir.y +
-                          ctx->v_normal.z * uniforms->celestial_dir.z);
-            if (ndotl > 0.0f) {
-                light += ndotl * uniforms->celestial_intensity;
-            }
-        }
-
-        f32 dyn_strength = 0.0f;
-        f32 dyn_r = 0.0f;
-        f32 dyn_g = 0.0f;
-        f32 dyn_b = 0.0f;
-
-        for (u32 i = 0; i < uniforms->lights_count; i++) {
-            const pxl8_light* l = &uniforms->lights[i];
-            f32 lx = l->position.x - ctx->v_world.x;
-            f32 ly = l->position.y - ctx->v_world.y;
-            f32 lz = l->position.z - ctx->v_world.z;
-            f32 dist_sq = lx * lx + ly * ly + lz * lz;
-            if (dist_sq >= l->radius_sq) continue;
-
-            f32 inv_dist = pxl8_fast_inv_sqrt(dist_sq);
-            f32 nx = lx * inv_dist;
-            f32 ny = ly * inv_dist;
-            f32 nz = lz * inv_dist;
-
-            f32 ndotl = ctx->v_normal.x * nx + ctx->v_normal.y * ny + ctx->v_normal.z * nz;
-            if (ndotl <= 0.0f) continue;
-
-            f32 falloff = 1.0f - dist_sq * l->inv_radius_sq;
-            if (falloff <= 0.0f) continue;
-            if (uniforms->dither && falloff < 0.33f) {
-                f32 threshold = (PXL8_BAYER_4X4[((u32)ctx->y & 3) * 4 + ((u32)ctx->x & 3)] + 0.5f) * (1.0f / 16.0f);
-                if (falloff < threshold * 0.33f) continue;
-            }
-
-            f32 strength = ((f32)l->intensity / 255.0f) * falloff * ndotl;
-            if (strength <= 0.0f) continue;
-
-            dyn_strength += strength;
-            dyn_r += strength * (f32)l->r;
-            dyn_g += strength * (f32)l->g;
-            dyn_b += strength * (f32)l->b;
-        }
-
-        if (dyn_strength > 0.0f) {
-            f32 inv = pxl8_fast_rcp(dyn_strength);
-            u8 r = (u8)pxl8_clamp(dyn_r * inv, 0.0f, 255.0f);
-            u8 g = (u8)pxl8_clamp(dyn_g * inv, 0.0f, 255.0f);
-            u8 b = (u8)pxl8_clamp(dyn_b * inv, 0.0f, 255.0f);
-            u8 a = (u8)pxl8_clamp(dyn_strength * 255.0f, 0.0f, 255.0f);
-            ctx->out_light_color = (u32)r | ((u32)g << 8) | ((u32)b << 16) | ((u32)a << 24);
-            light += dyn_strength;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (light > 1.0f) light = 1.0f;
-    if (light < 0.0f) light = 0.0f;
-
-    f32 light_f = light * 255.0f;
-    u8 light_u8 = (u8)light_f;
-    if (uniforms && uniforms->dither) {
-        light_u8 = pxl8_gfx_dither(light_f, (u32)ctx->x, (u32)ctx->y);
-    }
-
-    u8 shaded = pxl8_colormap_lookup(bindings, tex_idx, light_u8);
-
-    if (uniforms && uniforms->emissive) {
-        u32 rgb = 0x00FFFFFF;
-        if (bindings && bindings->palette) {
-            rgb = bindings->palette[tex_idx] & 0x00FFFFFF;
-        }
-        pxl8_set_light_tint(ctx, rgb, 1.0f);
-    }
-
-    return shaded;
-}
diff --git a/src/gfx/shaders/cpu/unlit.c b/src/gfx/shaders/cpu/unlit.c
deleted file mode 100644
index b3ff4c6..0000000
--- a/src/gfx/shaders/cpu/unlit.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#include "pxl8_shader.h"
-#include "pxl8_shader_builtins.h"
-
-u8 pxl8_shader_unlit(
-    pxl8_shader_ctx* ctx,
-    const pxl8_shader_bindings* bindings,
-    const pxl8_shader_uniforms* uniforms
-) {
-    u8 tex_idx = 0;
-    if (bindings && bindings->atlas) {
-        tex_idx = pxl8_sample_indexed(bindings, ctx->v_uv);
-        if (tex_idx == 0) return 0;
-    } else {
-        if (uniforms && uniforms->dither) {
-            tex_idx = pxl8_gfx_dither(ctx->v_color, (u32)ctx->x, (u32)ctx->y);
-        } else {
-            f32 clamped = pxl8_clamp(ctx->v_color, 0.0f, 255.0f);
-            tex_idx = (u8)(clamped);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (uniforms && uniforms->emissive) {
-        u32 rgb = 0x00FFFFFF;
-        if (bindings && bindings->palette) {
-            rgb = bindings->palette[tex_idx] & 0x00FFFFFF;
-        }
-        pxl8_set_light_tint(ctx, rgb, 1.0f);
-    }
-
-    return tex_idx;
-}
diff --git a/src/gui/pxl8_gui.c b/src/gui/pxl8_gui.c
index 766091a..e3f667a 100644
--- a/src/gui/pxl8_gui.c
+++ b/src/gui/pxl8_gui.c
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ void pxl8_gui_state_destroy(pxl8_gui_state* state) {
 }
 
 void pxl8_gui_begin_frame(pxl8_gui_state* state, pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    (void)gfx;
     if (!state) return;
     state->hot_id = 0;
+    if (gfx) pxl8_gfx_push_target(gfx);
 }
 
 void pxl8_gui_end_frame(pxl8_gui_state* state, pxl8_gfx* gfx) {
-    (void)gfx;
     if (!state) return;
 
     if (!state->cursor_down) {
         state->active_id = 0;
     }
     state->cursor_clicked = false;
+    if (gfx) pxl8_gfx_pop_target(gfx);
 }
 
 void pxl8_gui_cursor_move(pxl8_gui_state* state, i32 x, i32 y) {
diff --git a/src/lua/pxl8.lua b/src/lua/pxl8.lua
index 0f5c486..a4617d4 100644
--- a/src/lua/pxl8.lua
+++ b/src/lua/pxl8.lua
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ local anim = require("pxl8.anim")
 local bytes = require("pxl8.bytes")
 local core = require("pxl8.core")
 local effects = require("pxl8.effects")
-local gfx = require("pxl8.gfx")
+local gfx2d = require("pxl8.gfx2d")
+local gfx3d = require("pxl8.gfx3d")
 local gui = require("pxl8.gui")
 local input = require("pxl8.input")
 local math = require("pxl8.math")
@@ -43,27 +44,25 @@ pxl8.set_palette = core.set_palette
 pxl8.set_palette_rgb = core.set_palette_rgb
 pxl8.update_palette_deps = core.update_palette_deps
 
-pxl8.clear = gfx.clear
-pxl8.pixel = gfx.pixel
-pxl8.line = gfx.line
-pxl8.rect = gfx.rect
-pxl8.rect_fill = gfx.rect_fill
-pxl8.circle = gfx.circle
-pxl8.circle_fill = gfx.circle_fill
-pxl8.text = gfx.text
-pxl8.sprite = gfx.sprite
-pxl8.load_palette = gfx.load_palette
-pxl8.load_sprite = gfx.load_sprite
-pxl8.create_texture = gfx.create_texture
-pxl8.gfx_color_ramp = gfx.color_ramp
-pxl8.gfx_fade_palette = gfx.fade_palette
-pxl8.gfx_cycle_palette = gfx.cycle_palette
-pxl8.add_palette_cycle = gfx.add_palette_cycle
-pxl8.remove_palette_cycle = gfx.remove_palette_cycle
-pxl8.set_palette_cycle_speed = gfx.set_palette_cycle_speed
-pxl8.clear_palette_cycles = gfx.clear_palette_cycles
-pxl8.push_target = gfx.push_target
-pxl8.pop_target = gfx.pop_target
+pxl8.clear = gfx2d.clear
+pxl8.pixel = gfx2d.pixel
+pxl8.line = gfx2d.line
+pxl8.rect = gfx2d.rect
+pxl8.rect_fill = gfx2d.rect_fill
+pxl8.circle = gfx2d.circle
+pxl8.circle_fill = gfx2d.circle_fill
+pxl8.text = gfx2d.text
+pxl8.sprite = gfx2d.sprite
+pxl8.load_palette = gfx2d.load_palette
+pxl8.load_sprite = gfx2d.load_sprite
+pxl8.create_texture = gfx2d.create_texture
+pxl8.gfx_color_ramp = gfx2d.color_ramp
+pxl8.gfx_fade_palette = gfx2d.fade_palette
+pxl8.gfx_cycle_palette = gfx2d.cycle_palette
+pxl8.add_palette_cycle = gfx2d.add_palette_cycle
+pxl8.remove_palette_cycle = gfx2d.remove_palette_cycle
+pxl8.set_palette_cycle_speed = gfx2d.set_palette_cycle_speed
+pxl8.clear_palette_cycles = gfx2d.clear_palette_cycles
 
 pxl8.key_down = input.key_down
 pxl8.key_pressed = input.key_pressed
@@ -87,23 +86,26 @@ pxl8.create_anim_from_ase = anim.Anim.from_ase
 
 pxl8.bounds = math.bounds
 
-pxl8.Camera3D = gfx.Camera3D
-pxl8.Material = gfx.Material
-pxl8.Mesh = gfx.Mesh
-pxl8.begin_frame_3d = gfx.begin_frame_3d
-pxl8.clear_3d = gfx.clear_3d
-pxl8.clear_depth = gfx.clear_depth
-pxl8.create_camera_3d = gfx.Camera3D.new
-pxl8.create_material = gfx.create_material
-pxl8.create_mesh = gfx.Mesh.new
-pxl8.create_vec3_array = gfx.create_vec3_array
-pxl8.draw_line_3d = gfx.draw_line_3d
-pxl8.draw_mesh = gfx.draw_mesh
-pxl8.end_frame_3d = gfx.end_frame_3d
-pxl8.project_points = gfx.project_points
-pxl8.set_wireframe = gfx.set_wireframe
-pxl8.get_wireframe = gfx.get_wireframe
+pxl8.Camera3D = gfx3d.Camera3D
+pxl8.Material = gfx3d.Material
+pxl8.Mesh = gfx3d.Mesh
+pxl8.begin_frame_3d = gfx3d.begin_frame
+pxl8.clear_3d = gfx3d.clear
+pxl8.clear_depth = gfx3d.clear_depth
+pxl8.create_camera_3d = gfx3d.Camera3D.new
+pxl8.create_material = gfx3d.create_material
+pxl8.create_mesh = gfx3d.Mesh.new
+pxl8.create_vec3_array = gfx3d.create_vec3_array
+pxl8.draw_line_3d = gfx3d.draw_line
+pxl8.draw_mesh = gfx3d.draw_mesh
+pxl8.end_frame_3d = gfx3d.end_frame
+pxl8.project_points = gfx3d.project_points
 
+pxl8.GLOW_CIRCLE = effects.GLOW_CIRCLE
+pxl8.GLOW_DIAMOND = effects.GLOW_DIAMOND
+pxl8.GLOW_SHAFT = effects.GLOW_SHAFT
+pxl8.Glows = effects.Glows
+pxl8.create_glows = effects.Glows.new
 pxl8.Lights = effects.Lights
 pxl8.create_lights = effects.Lights.new
 
diff --git a/src/lua/pxl8/effects.lua b/src/lua/pxl8/effects.lua
index f38381d..a6221b5 100644
--- a/src/lua/pxl8/effects.lua
+++ b/src/lua/pxl8/effects.lua
@@ -1,8 +1,49 @@
 local ffi = require("ffi")
 local C = ffi.C
+local core = require("pxl8.core")
 
 local effects = {}
 
+effects.GLOW_CIRCLE = 0
+effects.GLOW_DIAMOND = 1
+effects.GLOW_SHAFT = 2
+
+local Glows = {}
+Glows.__index = Glows
+
+function Glows.new(capacity)
+    local ptr = C.pxl8_glows_create(capacity or 1000)
+    if ptr == nil then
+        return nil
+    end
+    return setmetatable({ _ptr = ptr }, Glows)
+end
+
+function Glows:add(x, y, radius, intensity, color, shape)
+    C.pxl8_glows_add(self._ptr, x, y, radius or 8, intensity or 255, color or 15, shape or 0)
+end
+
+function Glows:clear()
+    C.pxl8_glows_clear(self._ptr)
+end
+
+function Glows:count()
+    return C.pxl8_glows_count(self._ptr)
+end
+
+function Glows:destroy()
+    if self._ptr then
+        C.pxl8_glows_destroy(self._ptr)
+        self._ptr = nil
+    end
+end
+
+function Glows:render()
+    C.pxl8_glows_render(self._ptr, core.gfx)
+end
+
+effects.Glows = Glows
+
 local Lights = {}
 Lights.__index = Lights
 
diff --git a/src/lua/pxl8/gfx2d.lua b/src/lua/pxl8/gfx2d.lua
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16ae850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lua/pxl8/gfx2d.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+local ffi = require("ffi")
+local C = ffi.C
+local core = require("pxl8.core")
+
+local graphics = {}
+
+function graphics.clear(color)
+    C.pxl8_2d_clear(core.gfx, color or 0)
+end
+
+function graphics.pixel(x, y, color)
+    if color then
+        C.pxl8_2d_pixel(core.gfx, x, y, color)
+    else
+        return C.pxl8_2d_get_pixel(core.gfx, x, y)
+    end
+end
+
+function graphics.line(x0, y0, x1, y1, color)
+    C.pxl8_2d_line(core.gfx, x0, y0, x1, y1, color)
+end
+
+function graphics.rect(x, y, w, h, color)
+    C.pxl8_2d_rect(core.gfx, x, y, w, h, color)
+end
+
+function graphics.rect_fill(x, y, w, h, color)
+    C.pxl8_2d_rect_fill(core.gfx, x, y, w, h, color)
+end
+
+function graphics.circle(x, y, r, color)
+    C.pxl8_2d_circle(core.gfx, x, y, r, color)
+end
+
+function graphics.circle_fill(x, y, r, color)
+    C.pxl8_2d_circle_fill(core.gfx, x, y, r, color)
+end
+
+function graphics.text(str, x, y, color)
+    C.pxl8_2d_text(core.gfx, str, x or 0, y or 0, color or 15)
+end
+
+function graphics.sprite(id, x, y, w, h, flip_x, flip_y)
+    C.pxl8_2d_sprite(core.gfx, id or 0, x or 0, y or 0, w or 16, h or 16, flip_x or false, flip_y or false)
+end
+
+function graphics.load_palette(filepath)
+    return C.pxl8_gfx_load_palette(core.gfx, filepath)
+end
+
+function graphics.load_sprite(filepath)
+    local result = C.pxl8_gfx_load_sprite(core.gfx, filepath)
+    if result >= 0 and result < 100 then
+        return result
+    else
+        return nil, result
+    end
+end
+
+function graphics.create_texture(pixels, width, height)
+    local pixel_data = ffi.new("u8[?]", width * height)
+    for i = 0, width * height - 1 do
+        pixel_data[i] = pixels[i + 1] or 0
+    end
+    local result = C.pxl8_gfx_create_texture(core.gfx, pixel_data, width, height)
+    if result < 0 then
+        return nil
+    end
+    return result
+end
+
+function graphics.color_ramp(start, count, from_color, to_color)
+    C.pxl8_gfx_color_ramp(core.gfx, start, count, from_color, to_color)
+end
+
+function graphics.fade_palette(start, count, amount, target_color)
+    C.pxl8_gfx_fade_palette(core.gfx, start, count, amount, target_color)
+end
+
+function graphics.cycle_palette(start, count, step)
+    C.pxl8_gfx_cycle_palette(core.gfx, start, count, step or 1)
+end
+
+function graphics.add_palette_cycle(start_index, end_index, speed)
+    return C.pxl8_gfx_add_palette_cycle(core.gfx, start_index, end_index, speed or 1.0)
+end
+
+function graphics.remove_palette_cycle(cycle_id)
+    C.pxl8_gfx_remove_palette_cycle(core.gfx, cycle_id)
+end
+
+function graphics.set_palette_cycle_speed(cycle_id, speed)
+    C.pxl8_gfx_set_palette_cycle_speed(core.gfx, cycle_id, speed)
+end
+
+function graphics.clear_palette_cycles()
+    C.pxl8_gfx_clear_palette_cycles(core.gfx)
+end
+
+function graphics.push_target()
+    return C.pxl8_gfx_push_target(core.gfx)
+end
+
+function graphics.pop_target()
+    C.pxl8_gfx_pop_target(core.gfx)
+end
+
+return graphics
diff --git a/src/lua/pxl8/gfx.lua b/src/lua/pxl8/gfx3d.lua
similarity index 53%
rename from src/lua/pxl8/gfx.lua
rename to src/lua/pxl8/gfx3d.lua
index 64cbf87..fc30fc2 100644
--- a/src/lua/pxl8/gfx.lua
+++ b/src/lua/pxl8/gfx3d.lua
@@ -2,108 +2,7 @@ local ffi = require("ffi")
 local C = ffi.C
 local core = require("pxl8.core")
 
-local gfx = {}
-
-function gfx.clear(color)
-    C.pxl8_2d_clear(core.gfx, color or 0)
-end
-
-function gfx.pixel(x, y, color)
-    if color then
-        C.pxl8_2d_pixel(core.gfx, x, y, color)
-    else
-        return C.pxl8_2d_get_pixel(core.gfx, x, y)
-    end
-end
-
-function gfx.line(x0, y0, x1, y1, color)
-    C.pxl8_2d_line(core.gfx, x0, y0, x1, y1, color)
-end
-
-function gfx.rect(x, y, w, h, color)
-    C.pxl8_2d_rect(core.gfx, x, y, w, h, color)
-end
-
-function gfx.rect_fill(x, y, w, h, color)
-    C.pxl8_2d_rect_fill(core.gfx, x, y, w, h, color)
-end
-
-function gfx.circle(x, y, r, color)
-    C.pxl8_2d_circle(core.gfx, x, y, r, color)
-end
-
-function gfx.circle_fill(x, y, r, color)
-    C.pxl8_2d_circle_fill(core.gfx, x, y, r, color)
-end
-
-function gfx.text(str, x, y, color)
-    C.pxl8_2d_text(core.gfx, str, x or 0, y or 0, color or 15)
-end
-
-function gfx.sprite(id, x, y, w, h, flip_x, flip_y)
-    C.pxl8_2d_sprite(core.gfx, id or 0, x or 0, y or 0, w or 16, h or 16, flip_x or false, flip_y or false)
-end
-
-function gfx.load_palette(filepath)
-    return C.pxl8_gfx_load_palette(core.gfx, filepath)
-end
-
-function gfx.load_sprite(filepath)
-    local result = C.pxl8_gfx_load_sprite(core.gfx, filepath)
-    if result >= 0 and result < 100 then
-        return result
-    else
-        return nil, result
-    end
-end
-
-function gfx.create_texture(pixels, width, height)
-    local pixel_data = ffi.new("u8[?]", width * height)
-    for i = 0, width * height - 1 do
-        pixel_data[i] = pixels[i + 1] or 0
-    end
-    local result = C.pxl8_gfx_create_texture(core.gfx, pixel_data, width, height)
-    if result < 0 then
-        return nil
-    end
-    return result
-end
-
-function gfx.color_ramp(start, count, from_color, to_color)
-    C.pxl8_gfx_color_ramp(core.gfx, start, count, from_color, to_color)
-end
-
-function gfx.fade_palette(start, count, amount, target_color)
-    C.pxl8_gfx_fade_palette(core.gfx, start, count, amount, target_color)
-end
-
-function gfx.cycle_palette(start, count, step)
-    C.pxl8_gfx_cycle_palette(core.gfx, start, count, step or 1)
-end
-
-function gfx.add_palette_cycle(start_index, end_index, speed)
-    return C.pxl8_gfx_add_palette_cycle(core.gfx, start_index, end_index, speed or 1.0)
-end
-
-function gfx.remove_palette_cycle(cycle_id)
-    C.pxl8_gfx_remove_palette_cycle(core.gfx, cycle_id)
-end
-
-function gfx.set_palette_cycle_speed(cycle_id, speed)
-    C.pxl8_gfx_set_palette_cycle_speed(core.gfx, cycle_id, speed)
-end
-
-function gfx.clear_palette_cycles()
-    C.pxl8_gfx_clear_palette_cycles(core.gfx)
-end
-
-function gfx.push_target()
-    return C.pxl8_gfx_push_target(core.gfx)
-end
-
-function gfx.pop_target()
-    C.pxl8_gfx_pop_target(core.gfx)
-end
+local gfx3d = {}
 
 local Camera3D = {}
 Camera3D.__index = Camera3D
@@ -185,6 +84,8 @@ function Camera3D:world_to_screen(x, y, z, width, height)
     return nil
 end
 
+gfx3d.Camera3D = Camera3D
+
 local Mesh = {}
 Mesh.__index = Mesh
 
@@ -226,43 +127,35 @@ function Mesh:clear()
     end
 end
 
-gfx.Camera3D = Camera3D
+gfx3d.Mesh = Mesh
 
-gfx.Mesh = Mesh
-
-function gfx.draw_mesh(mesh, opts)
-    if not mesh or not mesh._ptr then
-        return
-    end
+function gfx3d.draw_mesh(mesh, opts)
     opts = opts or {}
-    local model
-    if opts.transform then
-        model = opts.transform
-    else
-        model = ffi.new("pxl8_mat4")
-        local s = opts.scale or 1
-        model.m[0] = s
-        model.m[5] = s
-        model.m[10] = s
-        model.m[15] = 1
-        if opts.x then model.m[12] = opts.x end
-        if opts.y then model.m[13] = opts.y end
-        if opts.z then model.m[14] = opts.z end
-    end
+    local model = ffi.new("pxl8_mat4")
+    local s = opts.scale or 1
+    model.m[0] = s
+    model.m[5] = s
+    model.m[10] = s
+    model.m[15] = 1
+    if opts.x then model.m[12] = opts.x end
+    if opts.y then model.m[13] = opts.y end
+    if opts.z then model.m[14] = opts.z end
     local material = ffi.new("pxl8_gfx_material", {
+        texture_id = opts.texture or 0,
         alpha = opts.alpha or 255,
         blend_mode = opts.blend_mode or 0,
         dither = opts.dither ~= false,
         double_sided = opts.double_sided or false,
         dynamic_lighting = opts.lighting or false,
-        emissive = opts.emissive or false,
         per_pixel = opts.per_pixel or false,
-        texture_id = opts.texture or 0xFFFFFFFF,
+        vertex_color_passthrough = opts.passthrough or false,
+        wireframe = opts.wireframe or false,
+        emissive_intensity = opts.emissive or 0.0,
     })
     C.pxl8_3d_draw_mesh(core.gfx, mesh._ptr, model, material)
 end
 
-function gfx.begin_frame_3d(camera, lights, uniforms)
+function gfx3d.begin_frame(camera, lights, uniforms)
     uniforms = uniforms or {}
     local u = ffi.new("pxl8_3d_uniforms")
 
@@ -271,82 +164,68 @@ function gfx.begin_frame_3d(camera, lights, uniforms)
     u.fog_density = uniforms.fog_density or 0.0
     u.time = uniforms.time or 0.0
 
-    local cx, cy, cz
     if uniforms.celestial_dir then
-        cx = uniforms.celestial_dir[1] or 0
-        cy = uniforms.celestial_dir[2] or -1
-        cz = uniforms.celestial_dir[3] or 0
+        u.celestial_dir.x = uniforms.celestial_dir[1] or 0
+        u.celestial_dir.y = uniforms.celestial_dir[2] or -1
+        u.celestial_dir.z = uniforms.celestial_dir[3] or 0
     else
-        cx, cy, cz = 0, -1, 0
+        u.celestial_dir.x = 0
+        u.celestial_dir.y = -1
+        u.celestial_dir.z = 0
     end
-    local len = math.sqrt(cx * cx + cy * cy + cz * cz)
-    if len > 0.0001 then
-        local inv = 1.0 / len
-        cx, cy, cz = cx * inv, cy * inv, cz * inv
-    end
-    u.celestial_dir.x = cx
-    u.celestial_dir.y = cy
-    u.celestial_dir.z = cz
     u.celestial_intensity = uniforms.celestial_intensity or 0.0
 
     local lights_ptr = lights and lights._ptr or nil
     C.pxl8_3d_begin_frame(core.gfx, camera._ptr, lights_ptr, u)
 end
 
-function gfx.clear_3d(color)
+function gfx3d.clear(color)
     C.pxl8_3d_clear(core.gfx, color or 0)
 end
 
-function gfx.clear_depth()
+function gfx3d.clear_depth()
     C.pxl8_3d_clear_depth(core.gfx)
 end
 
-function gfx.draw_line_3d(p0, p1, color)
+function gfx3d.draw_line(p0, p1, color)
     local vec0 = ffi.new("pxl8_vec3", {x = p0[1], y = p0[2], z = p0[3]})
     local vec1 = ffi.new("pxl8_vec3", {x = p1[1], y = p1[2], z = p1[3]})
     C.pxl8_3d_draw_line(core.gfx, vec0, vec1, color)
 end
 
-function gfx.end_frame_3d()
+function gfx3d.end_frame()
     C.pxl8_3d_end_frame(core.gfx)
 end
 
-function gfx.project_points(input, output, count, transform)
-    return C.pxl8_3d_project_points(core.gfx, input, output, count, transform)
+function gfx3d.project_points(input, output, count, transform)
+    C.pxl8_3d_project_points(core.gfx, input, output, count, transform)
 end
 
-function gfx.create_vec3_array(count)
+function gfx3d.create_vec3_array(count)
     return ffi.new("pxl8_vec3[?]", count)
 end
 
-function gfx.set_wireframe(enabled)
-    C.pxl8_gfx_set_wireframe(core.gfx, enabled)
-end
-
-function gfx.get_wireframe()
-    return C.pxl8_gfx_get_wireframe(core.gfx)
-end
-
 local Material = {}
 Material.__index = Material
 
 function Material.new(opts)
     opts = opts or {}
     local mat = ffi.new("pxl8_gfx_material", {
+        texture_id = opts.texture or 0,
         alpha = opts.alpha or 255,
         blend_mode = opts.blend_mode or 0,
         dither = opts.dither ~= false,
         double_sided = opts.double_sided or false,
         dynamic_lighting = opts.lighting or false,
-        emissive = opts.emissive or false,
         per_pixel = opts.per_pixel or false,
-        texture_id = opts.texture or 0xFFFFFFFF,
+        vertex_color_passthrough = opts.passthrough or false,
+        wireframe = opts.wireframe or false,
+        emissive_intensity = opts.emissive or 0.0,
     })
     return setmetatable({ _ptr = mat }, Material)
 end
 
-gfx.Material = Material
+gfx3d.Material = Material
+gfx3d.create_material = Material.new
 
-gfx.create_material = Material.new
-
-return gfx
+return gfx3d
diff --git a/src/lua/pxl8/shader.lua b/src/lua/pxl8/shader.lua
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dab54b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lua/pxl8/shader.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+local ffi = require("ffi")
+local bit = require("bit")
+local core = require("pxl8.core")
+
+ffi.cdef[[
+  u8* pxl8_gfx_get_framebuffer_indexed(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
+  u32* pxl8_gfx_get_light_accum(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
+  const u32* pxl8_gfx_palette_colors(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
+  u16* pxl8_gfx_get_zbuffer(pxl8_gfx* gfx);
+]]
+
+local C = ffi.C
+local band, bor, rshift, lshift = bit.band, bit.bor, bit.rshift, bit.lshift
+local floor, sqrt, max, min, abs = math.floor, math.sqrt, math.max, math.min, math.abs
+local sin, cos, fmod = math.sin, math.cos, math.fmod
+
+local shader = {}
+
+local fb = ffi.new("u8*")
+local light = ffi.new("u32*")
+local pal = ffi.new("const u32*")
+local zbuf = ffi.new("u16*")
+local w, h, count = 0, 0, 0
+
+function shader.begin_frame()
+    fb = C.pxl8_gfx_get_framebuffer_indexed(core.gfx)
+    light = C.pxl8_gfx_get_light_accum(core.gfx)
+    pal = C.pxl8_gfx_palette_colors(core.gfx)
+    zbuf = C.pxl8_gfx_get_zbuffer(core.gfx)
+    w = C.pxl8_gfx_get_width(core.gfx)
+    h = C.pxl8_gfx_get_height(core.gfx)
+    count = w * h
+end
+
+function shader.get_buffers()
+    return fb, light, pal, zbuf, w, h
+end
+
+local function clamp(x, lo, hi)
+    if x < lo then return lo end
+    if x > hi then return hi end
+    return x
+end
+
+shader.resolve_tint = function()
+    if fb == nil or light == nil or pal == nil then return end
+    local fb_l, light_l, pal_l = fb, light, pal
+    local count_l = count
+    local band_l, rshift_l, bor_l, lshift_l = band, rshift, bor, lshift
+    local floor_l = floor
+
+    for i = 0, count_l - 1 do
+        local lv = light_l[i]
+        if lv ~= 0 then
+            local a = rshift_l(lv, 24)
+            if a > 0 then
+                local base = pal_l[fb_l[i]]
+                local br = band_l(base, 0xFF)
+                local bg = band_l(rshift_l(base, 8), 0xFF)
+                local bb = band_l(rshift_l(base, 16), 0xFF)
+
+                local lr = band_l(lv, 0xFF)
+                local lg = band_l(rshift_l(lv, 8), 0xFF)
+                local lb = band_l(rshift_l(lv, 16), 0xFF)
+
+                local t = a * 0.00392156862
+                local r = floor_l(br + (lr - 128) * t * 2)
+                local g = floor_l(bg + (lg - 128) * t * 2)
+                local b = floor_l(bb + (lb - 128) * t * 2)
+
+                if r < 0 then r = 0 elseif r > 255 then r = 255 end
+                if g < 0 then g = 0 elseif g > 255 then g = 255 end
+                if b < 0 then b = 0 elseif b > 255 then b = 255 end
+
+                light_l[i] = bor_l(r, lshift_l(g, 8), lshift_l(b, 16), 0xFF000000)
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+shader.compile = function(source)
+    local header = [[
+local ffi = require("ffi")
+local bit = require("bit")
+local band, bor, rshift, lshift = bit.band, bit.bor, bit.rshift, bit.lshift
+local floor, sqrt, max, min, abs = math.floor, math.sqrt, math.max, math.min, math.abs
+local sin, cos, fmod = math.sin, math.cos, math.fmod
+local clamp = function(x, lo, hi) if x < lo then return lo elseif x > hi then return hi else return x end end
+local mix = function(a, b, t) return a + (b - a) * t end
+local smoothstep = function(e0, e1, x) local t = clamp((x - e0) / (e1 - e0), 0, 1); return t * t * (3 - 2 * t) end
+local saturate = function(x) if x < 0 then return 0 elseif x > 1 then return 1 else return x end end
+local length2 = function(x, y) return sqrt(x*x + y*y) end
+local length3 = function(x, y, z) return sqrt(x*x + y*y + z*z) end
+local dot2 = function(ax, ay, bx, by) return ax*bx + ay*by end
+local dot3 = function(ax, ay, az, bx, by, bz) return ax*bx + ay*by + az*bz end
+local fract = function(x) return x - floor(x) end
+
+return function(fb, light, pal, zbuf, w, h, uniforms)
+    uniforms = uniforms or {}
+    local count = w * h
+    local time = uniforms.time or 0
+    local band_l, rshift_l, bor_l, lshift_l = band, rshift, bor, lshift
+    local floor_l, sqrt_l, max_l, min_l = floor, sqrt, max, min
+
+    for i = 0, count - 1 do
+        local x = i % w
+        local y = floor_l(i / w)
+        local uv_x = x / w
+        local uv_y = y / h
+
+        local idx = fb[i]
+        local base = pal[idx]
+        local br = band_l(base, 0xFF)
+        local bg = band_l(rshift_l(base, 8), 0xFF)
+        local bb = band_l(rshift_l(base, 16), 0xFF)
+
+        local lv = light[i]
+        local lr = band_l(lv, 0xFF)
+        local lg = band_l(rshift_l(lv, 8), 0xFF)
+        local lb = band_l(rshift_l(lv, 16), 0xFF)
+        local la = rshift_l(lv, 24)
+
+        local depth = zbuf and zbuf[i] or 0
+        local depth_n = depth / 65535.0
+
+        local r, g, b = br, bg, bb
+
+]]
+
+    local footer = [[
+
+        r = floor_l(clamp(r, 0, 255))
+        g = floor_l(clamp(g, 0, 255))
+        b = floor_l(clamp(b, 0, 255))
+        light[i] = bor_l(r, lshift_l(g, 8), lshift_l(b, 16), 0xFF000000)
+    end
+end
+]]
+
+    local code = header .. source .. footer
+    local fn, err = loadstring(code)
+    if not fn then
+        error("Shader compile error: " .. tostring(err))
+    end
+    return fn()
+end
+
+shader.run = function(compiled_shader, uniforms)
+    if fb == nil or light == nil or pal == nil then return end
+    compiled_shader(fb, light, pal, zbuf, w, h, uniforms)
+end
+
+shader.presets = {}
+
+shader.presets.passthrough = shader.compile([[
+        -- passthrough: just use base color
+]])
+
+shader.presets.light_tint = shader.compile([[
+        if la > 0 then
+            local t = la / 255.0
+            r = br + (lr - 128) * t * 2
+            g = bg + (lg - 128) * t * 2
+            b = bb + (lb - 128) * t * 2
+        end
+]])
+
+shader.presets.vignette = shader.compile([[
+        local cx = uv_x - 0.5
+        local cy = uv_y - 0.5
+        local dist = sqrt_l(cx*cx + cy*cy)
+        local vig = 1.0 - saturate(dist * 1.5)
+        vig = vig * vig
+        r = br * vig
+        g = bg * vig
+        b = bb * vig
+]])
+
+shader.presets.scanlines = shader.compile([[
+        local scan = 0.8 + 0.2 * (y % 2)
+        r = br * scan
+        g = bg * scan
+        b = bb * scan
+]])
+
+shader.presets.crt = shader.compile([[
+        -- Scanlines
+        local scan = 0.85 + 0.15 * (y % 2)
+        -- Vignette
+        local cx = uv_x - 0.5
+        local cy = uv_y - 0.5
+        local dist = sqrt_l(cx*cx + cy*cy)
+        local vig = 1.0 - saturate(dist * 1.2)
+        -- RGB shift based on x position
+        local shift = (uv_x - 0.5) * 0.02
+        local mult = scan * vig
+        r = br * mult * (1.0 + shift)
+        g = bg * mult
+        b = bb * mult * (1.0 - shift)
+]])
+
+shader.presets.dither_fade = shader.compile([[
+        local threshold = fract(sin(x * 12.9898 + y * 78.233) * 43758.5453)
+        local fade = uniforms.fade or 0.5
+        if threshold > fade then
+            r, g, b = 0, 0, 0
+        else
+            r, g, b = br, bg, bb
+        end
+]])
+
+shader.presets.fog = shader.compile([[
+        local fog_color_r = uniforms.fog_r or 32
+        local fog_color_g = uniforms.fog_g or 32
+        local fog_color_b = uniforms.fog_b or 48
+        local fog_start = uniforms.fog_start or 0.3
+        local fog_end = uniforms.fog_end or 0.9
+        local fog_t = saturate((depth_n - fog_start) / (fog_end - fog_start))
+        fog_t = fog_t * fog_t
+        r = mix(br, fog_color_r, fog_t)
+        g = mix(bg, fog_color_g, fog_t)
+        b = mix(bb, fog_color_b, fog_t)
+]])
+
+shader.presets.light_with_fog = shader.compile([[
+        -- Apply light tint first
+        if la > 0 then
+            local t = la / 255.0
+            r = br + (lr - 128) * t * 2
+            g = bg + (lg - 128) * t * 2
+            b = bb + (lb - 128) * t * 2
+        else
+            r, g, b = br, bg, bb
+        end
+        -- Then fog
+        local fog_r = uniforms.fog_r or 16
+        local fog_g = uniforms.fog_g or 16
+        local fog_b = uniforms.fog_b or 24
+        local fog_start = uniforms.fog_start or 0.2
+        local fog_end = uniforms.fog_end or 0.95
+        local fog_t = saturate((depth_n - fog_start) / (fog_end - fog_start))
+        fog_t = fog_t * fog_t
+        r = mix(r, fog_r, fog_t)
+        g = mix(g, fog_g, fog_t)
+        b = mix(b, fog_b, fog_t)
+]])
+
+shader.presets.posterize = shader.compile([[
+        local levels = uniforms.levels or 4
+        local step = 255 / levels
+        r = floor_l(br / step) * step
+        g = floor_l(bg / step) * step
+        b = floor_l(bb / step) * step
+]])
+
+shader.presets.chromatic = shader.compile([=[
+        local amount = uniforms.amount or 2
+        local ox = floor_l(amount * (uv_x - 0.5))
+        local r_i = clamp(i - ox, 0, count - 1)
+        local b_i = clamp(i + ox, 0, count - 1)
+        local r_base = pal[fb[r_i]]
+        local b_base = pal[fb[b_i]]
+        r = band_l(r_base, 0xFF)
+        g = bg
+        b = band_l(rshift_l(b_base, 16), 0xFF)
+]=])
+
+shader.clear_light = function()
+    if light == nil then return end
+    ffi.fill(light, count * 4, 0)
+end
+
+shader.fill_output = function(r, g, b)
+    if light == nil then return end
+    local color = bor(r, lshift(g, 8), lshift(b, 16), 0xFF000000)
+    for i = 0, count - 1 do
+        light[i] = color
+    end
+end
+
+return shader
diff --git a/src/lua/pxl8/world.lua b/src/lua/pxl8/world.lua
index 990e53b..bb93c62 100644
--- a/src/lua/pxl8/world.lua
+++ b/src/lua/pxl8/world.lua
@@ -117,6 +117,10 @@ function World:set_sim_distance(distance)
     C.pxl8_world_set_sim_distance(self._ptr, distance)
 end
 
+function World:set_wireframe(enabled)
+    C.pxl8_world_set_wireframe(self._ptr, enabled)
+end
+
 function World:sweep(from_x, from_y, from_z, to_x, to_y, to_z, radius)
     local from = ffi.new("pxl8_vec3", {x = from_x, y = from_y, z = from_z})
     local to = ffi.new("pxl8_vec3", {x = to_x, y = to_y, z = to_z})
diff --git a/src/math/pxl8_math.c b/src/math/pxl8_math.c
index fb605a4..2efb8f5 100644
--- a/src/math/pxl8_math.c
+++ b/src/math/pxl8_math.c
@@ -1,50 +1,5 @@
 #include "pxl8_math.h"
 
-f32 pxl8_fast_inv_sqrt(f32 x) {
-#if defined(PXL8_NO_SIMD)
-    f32 half = 0.5f * x;
-    i32 i = *(i32*)&x;
-    i = 0x5f3759df - (i >> 1);
-    x = *(f32*)&i;
-    x = x * (1.5f - half * x * x);
-    return x;
-#elif defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
-    __m128 v = _mm_set_ss(x);
-    v = _mm_rsqrt_ss(v);
-    return _mm_cvtss_f32(v);
-#elif defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64)
-    float32x2_t v = vdup_n_f32(x);
-    float32x2_t est = vrsqrte_f32(v);
-    est = vmul_f32(est, vrsqrts_f32(vmul_f32(v, est), est));
-    return vget_lane_f32(est, 0);
-#else
-    f32 half = 0.5f * x;
-    i32 i = *(i32*)&x;
-    i = 0x5f3759df - (i >> 1);
-    x = *(f32*)&i;
-    x = x * (1.5f - half * x * x);
-    return x;
-#endif
-}
-
-f32 pxl8_fast_rcp(f32 x) {
-#if defined(PXL8_NO_SIMD)
-    return 1.0f / x;
-#elif defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
-    __m128 v = _mm_set_ss(x);
-    __m128 rcp = _mm_rcp_ss(v);
-    rcp = _mm_add_ss(rcp, _mm_mul_ss(rcp, _mm_sub_ss(_mm_set_ss(1.0f), _mm_mul_ss(v, rcp))));
-    return _mm_cvtss_f32(rcp);
-#elif defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64)
-    float32x2_t v = vdup_n_f32(x);
-    float32x2_t est = vrecpe_f32(v);
-    est = vmul_f32(est, vrecps_f32(v, est));
-    return vget_lane_f32(est, 0);
-#else
-    return 1.0f / x;
-#endif
-}
-
 u32 pxl8_hash32(u32 x) {
     x ^= x >> 16;
     x *= 0x85EBCA6Bu;
@@ -63,6 +18,10 @@ u64 pxl8_hash64(u64 x) {
     return x;
 }
 
+f32 pxl8_lerp_f32(f32 a, f32 b, f32 t) {
+    return a + (b - a) * t;
+}
+
 f32 pxl8_smoothstep(f32 t) {
     return t * t * (3.0f - 2.0f * t);
 }
@@ -97,11 +56,11 @@ f32 pxl8_vec2_length(pxl8_vec2 v) {
 }
 
 pxl8_vec2 pxl8_vec2_normalize(pxl8_vec2 v) {
-    f32 len_sq = pxl8_vec2_dot(v, v);
+    f32 len = pxl8_vec2_length(v);
 
-    if (len_sq < 1e-12f) return (pxl8_vec2){0};
+    if (len < 1e-6f) return (pxl8_vec2){0};
 
-    return pxl8_vec2_scale(v, pxl8_fast_inv_sqrt(len_sq));
+    return pxl8_vec2_scale(v, 1.0f / len);
 }
 
 pxl8_vec3 pxl8_vec3_add(pxl8_vec3 a, pxl8_vec3 b) {
@@ -153,11 +112,11 @@ pxl8_vec3 pxl8_vec3_lerp(pxl8_vec3 a, pxl8_vec3 b, f32 t) {
 }
 
 pxl8_vec3 pxl8_vec3_normalize(pxl8_vec3 v) {
-    f32 len_sq = pxl8_vec3_dot(v, v);
+    f32 len = pxl8_vec3_length(v);
 
-    if (len_sq < 1e-12f) return (pxl8_vec3){0};
+    if (len < 1e-6f) return (pxl8_vec3){0};
 
-    return pxl8_vec3_scale(v, pxl8_fast_inv_sqrt(len_sq));
+    return pxl8_vec3_scale(v, 1.0f / len);
 }
 
 pxl8_mat4 pxl8_mat4_identity(void) {
diff --git a/src/math/pxl8_math.h b/src/math/pxl8_math.h
index 6cf314b..1290217 100644
--- a/src/math/pxl8_math.h
+++ b/src/math/pxl8_math.h
@@ -15,43 +15,64 @@
 #define PXL8_PI  3.14159265358979323846f
 #define PXL8_TAU (PXL8_PI * 2.0f)
 
-#define pxl8_min(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
-#define pxl8_max(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
-#define pxl8_clamp(x, lo, hi) ((x) < (lo) ? (lo) : ((x) > (hi) ? (hi) : (x)))
-#define pxl8_clamp_byte(x) pxl8_clamp(x, 0, 255)
+static inline f32 pxl8_fast_inv_sqrt(f32 x) {
+#if defined(PXL8_NO_SIMD)
+    f32 half = 0.5f * x;
+    i32 i = *(i32*)&x;
+    i = 0x5f3759df - (i >> 1);
+    x = *(f32*)&i;
+    x = x * (1.5f - half * x * x);
+    return x;
+#elif defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
+    __m128 v = _mm_set_ss(x);
+    v = _mm_rsqrt_ss(v);
+    return _mm_cvtss_f32(v);
+#elif defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64)
+    float32x2_t v = vdup_n_f32(x);
+    float32x2_t est = vrsqrte_f32(v);
+    est = vmul_f32(est, vrsqrts_f32(vmul_f32(v, est), est));
+    return vget_lane_f32(est, 0);
+#else
+    f32 half = 0.5f * x;
+    i32 i = *(i32*)&x;
+    i = 0x5f3759df - (i >> 1);
+    x = *(f32*)&i;
+    x = x * (1.5f - half * x * x);
+    return x;
+#endif
+}
 
-#define pxl8_abs(x) fabsf(x)
-#define pxl8_ceil(x) ceilf(x)
-#define pxl8_floor(x) floorf(x)
-#define pxl8_sqrt(x) sqrtf(x)
-#define pxl8_sin(x) sinf(x)
-#define pxl8_cos(x) cosf(x)
-#define pxl8_tan(x) tanf(x)
-#define pxl8_exp(x) expf(x)
-#define pxl8_log(x) logf(x)
-#define pxl8_pow(x, y) powf(x, y)
-#define pxl8_lerp(a, b, t) ((a) + ((b) - (a)) * (t))
+static inline f32 pxl8_fast_rcp(f32 x) {
+#if defined(PXL8_NO_SIMD)
+    return 1.0f / x;
+#elif defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
+    __m128 v = _mm_set_ss(x);
+    __m128 rcp = _mm_rcp_ss(v);
+    rcp = _mm_add_ss(rcp, _mm_mul_ss(rcp, _mm_sub_ss(_mm_set_ss(1.0f), _mm_mul_ss(v, rcp))));
+    return _mm_cvtss_f32(rcp);
+#elif defined(__aarch64__) || defined(_M_ARM64)
+    float32x2_t v = vdup_n_f32(x);
+    float32x2_t est = vrecpe_f32(v);
+    est = vmul_f32(est, vrecps_f32(v, est));
+    return vget_lane_f32(est, 0);
+#else
+    return 1.0f / x;
+#endif
+}
 
-f32 pxl8_fast_inv_sqrt(f32 x);
-f32 pxl8_fast_rcp(f32 x);
-
-typedef union pxl8_vec2 {
-    struct { f32 x, y; };
-    struct { f32 yaw, pitch; };
-    f32 v[2];
+typedef struct pxl8_vec2 {
+    f32 x, y;
 } pxl8_vec2;
 
-typedef union pxl8_vec3 {
-    struct { f32 x, y, z; };
-    f32 v[3];
+typedef struct pxl8_vec3 {
+    f32 x, y, z;
 } pxl8_vec3;
 
-typedef union pxl8_vec4 {
-    struct { f32 x, y, z, w; };
-    f32 v[4];
+typedef struct pxl8_vec4 {
+    f32 x, y, z, w;
 } pxl8_vec4;
 
-typedef union pxl8_mat4 {
+typedef struct pxl8_mat4 {
     f32 m[16];
 } pxl8_mat4;
 
@@ -78,6 +99,18 @@ typedef struct pxl8_ray {
     bool hit;
 } pxl8_ray;
 
+#define PXL8_SDF_X 32
+#define PXL8_SDF_Y 16
+#define PXL8_SDF_Z 32
+#define PXL8_SDF_SIZE (PXL8_SDF_X * PXL8_SDF_Y * PXL8_SDF_Z)
+#define PXL8_SDF_CELL 16.0f
+
+typedef struct pxl8_sdf {
+    i8 data[PXL8_SDF_SIZE];
+    pxl8_vec3 origin;
+    f32 cell;
+} pxl8_sdf;
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
@@ -85,6 +118,7 @@ extern "C" {
 u32 pxl8_hash32(u32 x);
 u64 pxl8_hash64(u64 x);
 
+f32 pxl8_lerp_f32(f32 a, f32 b, f32 t);
 f32 pxl8_smoothstep(f32 t);
 
 pxl8_vec2 pxl8_vec2_add(pxl8_vec2 a, pxl8_vec2 b);
diff --git a/src/math/pxl8_noise.c b/src/math/pxl8_noise.c
index b6e9ed9..df3fa1f 100644
--- a/src/math/pxl8_noise.c
+++ b/src/math/pxl8_noise.c
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ f32 pxl8_value_noise(f32 x, f32 z, u64 seed) {
     f32 c01 = pxl8_noise2d(x0, z1, seed);
     f32 c11 = pxl8_noise2d(x1, z1, seed);
 
-    f32 a = pxl8_lerp(c00, c10, tx);
-    f32 b = pxl8_lerp(c01, c11, tx);
-    return pxl8_lerp(a, b, tz);
+    f32 a = pxl8_lerp_f32(c00, c10, tx);
+    f32 b = pxl8_lerp_f32(c01, c11, tx);
+    return pxl8_lerp_f32(a, b, tz);
 }
 
 f32 pxl8_value_noise3d(f32 x, f32 y, f32 z, u64 seed) {
@@ -50,15 +50,15 @@ f32 pxl8_value_noise3d(f32 x, f32 y, f32 z, u64 seed) {
     f32 c011 = pxl8_noise3d(x0, y1, z1, seed);
     f32 c111 = pxl8_noise3d(x1, y1, z1, seed);
 
-    f32 a00 = pxl8_lerp(c000, c100, tx);
-    f32 a10 = pxl8_lerp(c010, c110, tx);
-    f32 a01 = pxl8_lerp(c001, c101, tx);
-    f32 a11 = pxl8_lerp(c011, c111, tx);
+    f32 a00 = pxl8_lerp_f32(c000, c100, tx);
+    f32 a10 = pxl8_lerp_f32(c010, c110, tx);
+    f32 a01 = pxl8_lerp_f32(c001, c101, tx);
+    f32 a11 = pxl8_lerp_f32(c011, c111, tx);
 
-    f32 b0 = pxl8_lerp(a00, a10, ty);
-    f32 b1 = pxl8_lerp(a01, a11, ty);
+    f32 b0 = pxl8_lerp_f32(a00, a10, ty);
+    f32 b1 = pxl8_lerp_f32(a01, a11, ty);
 
-    return pxl8_lerp(b0, b1, tz);
+    return pxl8_lerp_f32(b0, b1, tz);
 }
 
 f32 pxl8_fbm(f32 x, f32 z, u64 seed, u32 octaves) {
diff --git a/src/script/pxl8_script.c b/src/script/pxl8_script.c
index 3685650..4df3301 100644
--- a/src/script/pxl8_script.c
+++ b/src/script/pxl8_script.c
@@ -1152,11 +1152,6 @@ bool pxl8_script_check_reload(pxl8_script* script) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    static u32 frame_counter = 0;
-    if (++frame_counter % 60 != 0) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
     time_t current_mod_time = get_latest_script_mod_time(script->watch_dir);
     if (current_mod_time > script->latest_mod_time && current_mod_time != 0) {
         pxl8_info("Script files modified, reloading: %s", script->main_path);
diff --git a/src/script/pxl8_script_ffi.h b/src/script/pxl8_script_ffi.h
index 036da56..7ec6877 100644
--- a/src/script/pxl8_script_ffi.h
+++ b/src/script/pxl8_script_ffi.h
@@ -44,8 +44,6 @@ static const char* pxl8_ffi_cdefs =
 "void pxl8_set_colormap(pxl8_colormap* cm, const u8* data, u32 size);\n"
 "void pxl8_gfx_ensure_blend_tables(pxl8_gfx* gfx);\n"
 "i32 pxl8_gfx_get_width(pxl8_gfx* ctx);\n"
-"void pxl8_gfx_set_wireframe(pxl8_gfx* gfx, bool enabled);\n"
-"bool pxl8_gfx_get_wireframe(const pxl8_gfx* gfx);\n"
 "void pxl8_2d_circle(pxl8_gfx* ctx, i32 x, i32 y, i32 r, u32 color);\n"
 "void pxl8_2d_circle_fill(pxl8_gfx* ctx, i32 x, i32 y, i32 r, u32 color);\n"
 "void pxl8_2d_clear(pxl8_gfx* ctx, u32 color);\n"
@@ -199,7 +197,6 @@ static const char* pxl8_ffi_cdefs =
 "void pxl8_anim_stop(pxl8_anim* anim);\n"
 "void pxl8_anim_update(pxl8_anim* anim, f32 dt);\n"
 "\n"
-"typedef union { struct { float x, y; }; struct { float yaw, pitch; }; float v[2]; } pxl8_vec2;\n"
 "typedef struct { float x, y, z; } pxl8_vec3;\n"
 "typedef struct { float x, y, z, w; } pxl8_vec4;\n"
 "typedef struct { float m[16]; } pxl8_mat4;\n"
@@ -247,7 +244,31 @@ static const char* pxl8_ffi_cdefs =
 "typedef struct pxl8_projected_point { i32 x; i32 y; f32 depth; bool visible; } pxl8_projected_point;\n"
 "pxl8_projected_point pxl8_3d_camera_world_to_screen(const pxl8_3d_camera* cam, pxl8_vec3 world_pos, u32 screen_width, u32 screen_height);\n"
 "\n"
+"typedef enum pxl8_gfx_effect { PXL8_GFX_EFFECT_GLOWS = 0 } pxl8_gfx_effect;\n"
+"\n"
+"typedef enum pxl8_glow_shape { PXL8_GLOW_CIRCLE = 0, PXL8_GLOW_DIAMOND = 1, PXL8_GLOW_SHAFT = 2 } pxl8_glow_shape;\n"
+"\n"
+"typedef struct pxl8_glow {\n"
+"    u8 color;\n"
+"    u16 depth;\n"
+"    u8 height;\n"
+"    u16 intensity;\n"
+"    u8 radius;\n"
+"    pxl8_glow_shape shape;\n"
+"    i16 x;\n"
+"    i16 y;\n"
+"} pxl8_glow;\n"
+"\n"
+"void pxl8_gfx_apply_effect(pxl8_gfx* gfx, pxl8_gfx_effect effect, const void* params, u32 count);\n"
 "void pxl8_gfx_blend_tables_update(pxl8_gfx* gfx);\n"
+"\n"
+"typedef struct pxl8_glows pxl8_glows;\n"
+"pxl8_glows* pxl8_glows_create(u32 capacity);\n"
+"void pxl8_glows_destroy(pxl8_glows* glows);\n"
+"void pxl8_glows_add(pxl8_glows* glows, i16 x, i16 y, u8 radius, u16 intensity, u8 color, u8 shape);\n"
+"void pxl8_glows_clear(pxl8_glows* glows);\n"
+"u32 pxl8_glows_count(const pxl8_glows* glows);\n"
+"void pxl8_glows_render(pxl8_glows* glows, pxl8_gfx* gfx);\n"
 "void pxl8_gfx_colormap_update(pxl8_gfx* gfx);\n"
 "\n"
 "void pxl8_3d_begin_frame(pxl8_gfx* gfx, const pxl8_3d_camera* camera, const pxl8_lights* lights, const pxl8_3d_uniforms* uniforms);\n"
@@ -272,8 +293,10 @@ static const char* pxl8_ffi_cdefs =
 "    bool dither;\n"
 "    bool double_sided;\n"
 "    bool dynamic_lighting;\n"
-"    bool emissive;\n"
 "    bool per_pixel;\n"
+"    bool vertex_color_passthrough;\n"
+"    bool wireframe;\n"
+"    f32 emissive_intensity;\n"
 "} pxl8_gfx_material;\n"
 "\n"
 "typedef struct pxl8_vertex {\n"
@@ -423,6 +446,7 @@ static const char* pxl8_ffi_cdefs =
 "pxl8_ray pxl8_world_sweep(const pxl8_world* world, pxl8_vec3 from, pxl8_vec3 to, float radius);\n"
 "void pxl8_world_render(pxl8_world* world, pxl8_gfx* gfx, pxl8_vec3 camera_pos);\n"
 "void pxl8_world_set_bsp_material(pxl8_world* world, u16 material_id, const pxl8_gfx_material* material);\n"
+"void pxl8_world_set_wireframe(pxl8_world* world, bool enabled);\n"
 "i32 pxl8_world_get_render_distance(const pxl8_world* world);\n"
 "void pxl8_world_set_render_distance(pxl8_world* world, i32 distance);\n"
 "i32 pxl8_world_get_sim_distance(const pxl8_world* world);\n"
diff --git a/src/vxl/pxl8_vxl_render.c b/src/vxl/pxl8_vxl_render.c
index 06e5264..a4ebbdc 100644
--- a/src/vxl/pxl8_vxl_render.c
+++ b/src/vxl/pxl8_vxl_render.c
@@ -569,3 +569,8 @@ pxl8_vxl_render_state* pxl8_vxl_render_state_create(void) {
 void pxl8_vxl_render_state_destroy(pxl8_vxl_render_state* state) {
     pxl8_free(state);
 }
+
+void pxl8_vxl_set_wireframe(pxl8_vxl_render_state* state, bool wireframe) {
+    if (!state) return;
+    state->wireframe = wireframe;
+}
diff --git a/src/vxl/pxl8_vxl_render.h b/src/vxl/pxl8_vxl_render.h
index 6e5b6cf..2762c46 100644
--- a/src/vxl/pxl8_vxl_render.h
+++ b/src/vxl/pxl8_vxl_render.h
@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 typedef struct pxl8_vxl_render_state {
-    u8 _unused;
+    bool wireframe;
 } pxl8_vxl_render_state;
 
 pxl8_vxl_render_state* pxl8_vxl_render_state_create(void);
 void pxl8_vxl_render_state_destroy(pxl8_vxl_render_state* state);
+void pxl8_vxl_set_wireframe(pxl8_vxl_render_state* state, bool wireframe);
 
 typedef struct pxl8_vxl_mesh_config {
     bool ambient_occlusion;
diff --git a/src/world/pxl8_world.c b/src/world/pxl8_world.c
index 48913c0..353b8b0 100644
--- a/src/world/pxl8_world.c
+++ b/src/world/pxl8_world.c
@@ -30,14 +30,13 @@ struct pxl8_world {
     pxl8_entity_pool* entities;
     pxl8_bsp_render_state* bsp_render_state;
     pxl8_vxl_render_state* vxl_render_state;
+    pxl8_sdf sdf;
     i32 render_distance;
     i32 sim_distance;
 
     pxl8_sim_entity local_player;
     u64 client_tick;
 
-    pxl8_vec2 pointer_motion;
-
 #ifdef PXL8_ASYNC_THREADS
     pxl8_sim_entity render_state[2];
     atomic_uint active_buffer;
@@ -188,6 +187,100 @@ static void userdata_to_entity(const u8* userdata, pxl8_sim_entity* ent) {
     memcpy(&ent->kind, p, 2);
 }
 
+static void update_sdf(pxl8_world* world, pxl8_vec3 center, f32 cell_size) {
+    if (!world) return;
+
+    world->sdf.cell = cell_size;
+    world->sdf.origin.x = center.x - (PXL8_SDF_X / 2) * cell_size;
+    world->sdf.origin.y = center.y - (PXL8_SDF_Y / 2) * cell_size;
+    world->sdf.origin.z = center.z - (PXL8_SDF_Z / 2) * cell_size;
+
+    i16 seed_x[PXL8_SDF_SIZE];
+    i16 seed_y[PXL8_SDF_SIZE];
+    i16 seed_z[PXL8_SDF_SIZE];
+
+    for (i32 iy = 0; iy < PXL8_SDF_Y; iy++) {
+        f32 wy = world->sdf.origin.y + (iy + 0.5f) * cell_size;
+        for (i32 iz = 0; iz < PXL8_SDF_Z; iz++) {
+            f32 wz = world->sdf.origin.z + (iz + 0.5f) * cell_size;
+            for (i32 ix = 0; ix < PXL8_SDF_X; ix++) {
+                f32 wx = world->sdf.origin.x + (ix + 0.5f) * cell_size;
+                i32 idx = iy * PXL8_SDF_Z * PXL8_SDF_X + iz * PXL8_SDF_X + ix;
+
+                if (pxl8_world_point_solid(world, wx, wy, wz)) {
+                    seed_x[idx] = (i16)ix;
+                    seed_y[idx] = (i16)iy;
+                    seed_z[idx] = (i16)iz;
+                } else {
+                    seed_x[idx] = -1;
+                    seed_y[idx] = -1;
+                    seed_z[idx] = -1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (i32 step = 16; step >= 1; step /= 2) {
+        for (i32 iy = 0; iy < PXL8_SDF_Y; iy++) {
+            for (i32 iz = 0; iz < PXL8_SDF_Z; iz++) {
+                for (i32 ix = 0; ix < PXL8_SDF_X; ix++) {
+                    i32 idx = iy * PXL8_SDF_Z * PXL8_SDF_X + iz * PXL8_SDF_X + ix;
+                    i32 best_dist_sq = (seed_x[idx] >= 0)
+                        ? (ix - seed_x[idx]) * (ix - seed_x[idx]) +
+                          (iy - seed_y[idx]) * (iy - seed_y[idx]) +
+                          (iz - seed_z[idx]) * (iz - seed_z[idx])
+                        : 0x7FFFFFFF;
+
+                    for (i32 dy = -step; dy <= step; dy += step) {
+                        i32 ny = iy + dy;
+                        if (ny < 0 || ny >= PXL8_SDF_Y) continue;
+                        for (i32 dz = -step; dz <= step; dz += step) {
+                            i32 nz = iz + dz;
+                            if (nz < 0 || nz >= PXL8_SDF_Z) continue;
+                            for (i32 dx = -step; dx <= step; dx += step) {
+                                if (dx == 0 && dy == 0 && dz == 0) continue;
+                                i32 nx = ix + dx;
+                                if (nx < 0 || nx >= PXL8_SDF_X) continue;
+
+                                i32 nidx = ny * PXL8_SDF_Z * PXL8_SDF_X + nz * PXL8_SDF_X + nx;
+                                if (seed_x[nidx] < 0) continue;
+
+                                i32 dist_sq = (ix - seed_x[nidx]) * (ix - seed_x[nidx]) +
+                                              (iy - seed_y[nidx]) * (iy - seed_y[nidx]) +
+                                              (iz - seed_z[nidx]) * (iz - seed_z[nidx]);
+
+                                if (dist_sq < best_dist_sq) {
+                                    best_dist_sq = dist_sq;
+                                    seed_x[idx] = seed_x[nidx];
+                                    seed_y[idx] = seed_y[nidx];
+                                    seed_z[idx] = seed_z[nidx];
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (i32 i = 0; i < PXL8_SDF_SIZE; i++) {
+        if (seed_x[i] < 0) {
+            world->sdf.data[i] = 127;
+        } else {
+            i32 idx_x = i % PXL8_SDF_X;
+            i32 idx_z = (i / PXL8_SDF_X) % PXL8_SDF_Z;
+            i32 idx_y = i / (PXL8_SDF_X * PXL8_SDF_Z);
+            i32 dx = idx_x - seed_x[i];
+            i32 dy = idx_y - seed_y[i];
+            i32 dz = idx_z - seed_z[i];
+            f32 dist = sqrtf((f32)(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz));
+            i32 d = (i32)(dist * cell_size);
+            if (d > 127) d = 127;
+            world->sdf.data[i] = (i8)d;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 bool pxl8_world_point_solid(const pxl8_world* world, f32 x, f32 y, f32 z) {
     if (!world) return false;
 
@@ -302,22 +395,18 @@ void pxl8_world_update(pxl8_world* world, const pxl8_input_state* input, f32 dt)
         msg.look_dx = (f32)pxl8_mouse_dx(input);
         msg.look_dy = (f32)pxl8_mouse_dy(input);
         msg.buttons = pxl8_key_down(input, "space") ? 1 : 0;
-        msg.tick = world->client_tick;
-        msg.timestamp = pxl8_get_ticks_ns();
-
-        if (world->net) {
-            pxl8_net_send_input(world->net, &msg);
-        }
 
         pxl8_sim_world sim = make_sim_world(world, world->local_player.pos);
         pxl8_sim_move_player(&world->local_player, &msg, &sim, dt);
-        world->client_tick++;
     }
 }
 
 void pxl8_world_render(pxl8_world* world, pxl8_gfx* gfx, pxl8_vec3 camera_pos) {
     if (!world || !gfx) return;
 
+    update_sdf(world, camera_pos, PXL8_SDF_CELL);
+    pxl8_3d_set_sdf(gfx, &world->sdf);
+
     if (world->active_chunk) {
         if (world->active_chunk->type == PXL8_WORLD_CHUNK_BSP && world->active_chunk->bsp) {
             pxl8_3d_set_bsp(gfx, world->active_chunk->bsp);
@@ -332,10 +421,13 @@ void pxl8_world_render(pxl8_world* world, pxl8_gfx* gfx, pxl8_vec3 camera_pos) {
 
         const pxl8_frustum* frustum = pxl8_3d_get_frustum(gfx);
 
+        bool wireframe = world->vxl_render_state && world->vxl_render_state->wireframe;
         pxl8_gfx_material mat = {
             .texture_id = 0,
             .dynamic_lighting = true,
+            .vertex_color_passthrough = true,
             .alpha = 255,
+            .wireframe = wireframe,
         };
 
         i32 r = world->render_distance;
@@ -389,27 +481,16 @@ void pxl8_world_sync(pxl8_world* world, pxl8_net* net) {
                 world->active_chunk = chunk;
                 pxl8_debug("[CLIENT] Synced BSP chunk id=%u as active (verts=%u faces=%u)",
                            chunk_id, chunk->bsp->num_vertices, chunk->bsp->num_faces);
-
-                if (world->bsp_render_state) {
-                    pxl8_bsp_render_state_destroy(world->bsp_render_state);
-                    world->bsp_render_state = NULL;
-                }
-                world->bsp_render_state = pxl8_bsp_render_state_create(chunk->bsp->num_faces);
             }
         }
     } else if (chunk_id == 0 && world->active_chunk != NULL) {
         world->active_chunk = NULL;
-        if (world->bsp_render_state) {
-            pxl8_bsp_render_state_destroy(world->bsp_render_state);
-            world->bsp_render_state = NULL;
-        }
     }
 }
 
 static void ensure_bsp_render_state(pxl8_world* world) {
     if (!world || world->bsp_render_state) return;
-    if (!world->active_chunk) return;
-    if (world->active_chunk->type != PXL8_WORLD_CHUNK_BSP) return;
+    if (!world->active_chunk || world->active_chunk->type != PXL8_WORLD_CHUNK_BSP) return;
     if (!world->active_chunk->bsp) return;
 
     world->bsp_render_state = pxl8_bsp_render_state_create(world->active_chunk->bsp->num_faces);
@@ -424,6 +505,18 @@ void pxl8_world_set_bsp_material(pxl8_world* world, u16 material_id, const pxl8_
     pxl8_bsp_set_material(world->bsp_render_state, material_id, material);
 }
 
+void pxl8_world_set_wireframe(pxl8_world* world, bool enabled) {
+    if (!world) return;
+
+    ensure_bsp_render_state(world);
+    if (world->bsp_render_state) {
+        pxl8_bsp_set_wireframe(world->bsp_render_state, enabled);
+    }
+    if (world->vxl_render_state) {
+        pxl8_vxl_set_wireframe(world->vxl_render_state, enabled);
+    }
+}
+
 i32 pxl8_world_get_render_distance(const pxl8_world* world) {
     if (!world) return 3;
     return world->render_distance;
@@ -466,15 +559,8 @@ void pxl8_world_init_local_player(pxl8_world* world, f32 x, f32 y, f32 z) {
 
 pxl8_sim_entity* pxl8_world_local_player(pxl8_world* world) {
     if (!world) return NULL;
-#ifdef PXL8_ASYNC_THREADS
-    const pxl8_sim_entity* state = pxl8_world_get_render_state(world);
-    if (!state) return NULL;
-    if (!(state->flags & PXL8_SIM_FLAG_ALIVE)) return NULL;
-    return (pxl8_sim_entity*)state;
-#else
     if (!(world->local_player.flags & PXL8_SIM_FLAG_ALIVE)) return NULL;
     return &world->local_player;
-#endif
 }
 
 void pxl8_world_predict(pxl8_world* world, pxl8_net* net, const pxl8_input_msg* input, f32 dt) {
@@ -499,14 +585,7 @@ void pxl8_world_reconcile(pxl8_world* world, pxl8_net* net, f32 dt) {
     const u8* server_state = pxl8_net_entity_userdata(net, player_id);
     if (!server_state) return;
 
-    pxl8_sim_entity server_player = {0};
-    userdata_to_entity(server_state, &server_player);
-
-    if (!(server_player.flags & PXL8_SIM_FLAG_ALIVE)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    world->local_player = server_player;
+    userdata_to_entity(server_state, &world->local_player);
 
     const pxl8_snapshot_header* snap = pxl8_net_snapshot(net);
     u64 server_tick = snap ? snap->tick : 0;
@@ -527,9 +606,11 @@ void pxl8_world_reconcile(pxl8_world* world, pxl8_net* net, f32 dt) {
 #define SIM_TIMESTEP (1.0f / 60.0f)
 
 static void pxl8_world_sim_tick(pxl8_world* world, f32 dt) {
-    bool alive = (world->local_player.flags & PXL8_SIM_FLAG_ALIVE) != 0;
+    if (!(world->local_player.flags & PXL8_SIM_FLAG_ALIVE)) return;
+
     pxl8_input_msg merged = {0};
     pxl8_input_msg* input = NULL;
+    bool has_input = false;
 
     while ((input = pxl8_queue_pop(&world->input_queue))) {
         merged.look_dx += input->look_dx;
@@ -537,31 +618,16 @@ static void pxl8_world_sim_tick(pxl8_world* world, f32 dt) {
         merged.move_x = input->move_x;
         merged.move_y = input->move_y;
         merged.buttons |= input->buttons;
+        has_input = true;
         pxl8_free(input);
     }
 
-    if (!alive) {
-        return;
-    }
-
     const f32 MAX_LOOK_DELTA = 100.0f;
     if (merged.look_dx > MAX_LOOK_DELTA) merged.look_dx = MAX_LOOK_DELTA;
     if (merged.look_dx < -MAX_LOOK_DELTA) merged.look_dx = -MAX_LOOK_DELTA;
     if (merged.look_dy > MAX_LOOK_DELTA) merged.look_dy = MAX_LOOK_DELTA;
     if (merged.look_dy < -MAX_LOOK_DELTA) merged.look_dy = -MAX_LOOK_DELTA;
 
-    merged.tick = world->client_tick;
-    merged.timestamp = pxl8_get_ticks_ns();
-    merged.yaw = world->pointer_motion.yaw;
-    if (world->net) {
-        pxl8_net_send_input(world->net, &merged);
-    }
-
-    world->local_player.yaw = world->pointer_motion.yaw;
-    world->local_player.pitch = world->pointer_motion.pitch;
-    merged.look_dx = 0;
-    merged.look_dy = 0;
-
     pxl8_sim_world sim = make_sim_world(world, world->local_player.pos);
     pxl8_sim_move_player(&world->local_player, &merged, &sim, dt);
 
@@ -571,6 +637,7 @@ static void pxl8_world_sim_tick(pxl8_world* world, f32 dt) {
     }
 
     world->client_tick++;
+    (void)has_input;
 }
 
 static void pxl8_world_swap_buffers(pxl8_world* world) {
@@ -670,12 +737,6 @@ void pxl8_world_pause_sim(pxl8_world* world, bool paused) {
 void pxl8_world_push_input(pxl8_world* world, const pxl8_input_msg* input) {
     if (!world || !input) return;
 
-    world->pointer_motion.yaw -= input->look_dx * 0.008f;
-    f32 pitch = world->pointer_motion.pitch - input->look_dy * 0.008f;
-    if (pitch > PXL8_SIM_MAX_PITCH) pitch = PXL8_SIM_MAX_PITCH;
-    if (pitch < -PXL8_SIM_MAX_PITCH) pitch = -PXL8_SIM_MAX_PITCH;
-    world->pointer_motion.pitch = pitch;
-
     pxl8_input_msg* copy = pxl8_malloc(sizeof(pxl8_input_msg));
     if (copy) {
         *copy = *input;
diff --git a/src/world/pxl8_world.h b/src/world/pxl8_world.h
index 11f31fd..a9024d9 100644
--- a/src/world/pxl8_world.h
+++ b/src/world/pxl8_world.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ void pxl8_world_render(pxl8_world* world, pxl8_gfx* gfx, pxl8_vec3 camera_pos);
 void pxl8_world_sync(pxl8_world* world, pxl8_net* net);
 
 void pxl8_world_set_bsp_material(pxl8_world* world, u16 material_id, const pxl8_gfx_material* material);
+void pxl8_world_set_wireframe(pxl8_world* world, bool enabled);
 
 i32 pxl8_world_get_render_distance(const pxl8_world* world);
 void pxl8_world_set_render_distance(pxl8_world* world, i32 distance);
diff --git a/src/world/pxl8_world_chunk_cache.c b/src/world/pxl8_world_chunk_cache.c
index 89f5e38..3fd1177 100644
--- a/src/world/pxl8_world_chunk_cache.c
+++ b/src/world/pxl8_world_chunk_cache.c
@@ -409,7 +409,8 @@ pxl8_result pxl8_world_chunk_cache_receive(pxl8_world_chunk_cache* cache,
                         (hdr->chunk_type == PXL8_CHUNK_TYPE_BSP && a->id != hdr->id) ||
                         (hdr->chunk_type == PXL8_CHUNK_TYPE_VXL &&
                          (a->cx != hdr->cx || a->cy != hdr->cy || a->cz != hdr->cz)) ||
-                        a->version != hdr->version;
+                        a->version != hdr->version ||
+                        hdr->fragment_idx == 0;
 
     if (new_assembly) {
         assembly_init(a, hdr);
diff --git a/src/world/pxl8_world_chunk_cache.h b/src/world/pxl8_world_chunk_cache.h
index 756caa7..ed40b01 100644
--- a/src/world/pxl8_world_chunk_cache.h
+++ b/src/world/pxl8_world_chunk_cache.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 #define PXL8_WORLD_CHUNK_CACHE_SIZE 512
-#define PXL8_WORLD_CHUNK_MAX_FRAGMENTS 255
+#define PXL8_WORLD_CHUNK_MAX_FRAGMENTS 64
 #define PXL8_WORLD_CHUNK_MAX_DATA_SIZE 131072
 
 typedef struct pxl8_world_chunk_cache_entry {